Essay on Analysis and Synthesis of Prior Research

Analysis and Synthesis of Prior Research Analysis and Synthesis of Prior Research The companies that efficiently solve their projects issues and portfolio concerns will differentiate themselves from their competition. The projects that companies work to complete with the many different project methodologies demonstrate where the business is now, and the portfolio of projects of the organization demonstrate where the organization is headed. To effectively manage the tremendous number of projects that leaders face today in their organizations, they look to methods and processes that aid them in effectively managing a group of projects. The method used to help in this endeavor is Portfolio Project Management (PPM). Portfolio Management†¦show more content†¦Portfolio board managers or project managers that have the responsibility of leading an organization to their intended goals and objectives must perform an analysis of the current state or performance of the organization, an analysis of the gaps between the current state and the intended state while making the necessary adjustments and corrective actions (Morris Pinto, 2007). Project Portfolio According to Morris and Pinto (2007) a project portfolio is comprised of a group of projects that are supervised and managed based on the sponsorship of a particular department within the company. The different projects within a portfolio will compete for scarce resources such as labor, finances, and time. At the very top of a project-based organization is portfolio management, which contains all of the projects within the organization. Those organizational projects are prioritized, based on strategic global initiatives and business objectives. 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Financial Ratios of Toyota Company Statistics Project

Essays on Financial Ratios of Toyota Company Statistics Project The paper â€Å"Financial Ratios of Toyota Company" is an informative example of a statistic project on finance accounting. The returns on Toyota shareholders' funds decreased from 4.12% to 1.92 % from the year 2009 to 2010. It means that shareholders were experiencing loss or decrease in the interest they had in the Company.Liquidity/ Solvency RatiosWorking Capital (or Current) RatioComponent20092010Current Assets112989291.07: 1130736041.22:1Current Liabilities10589293  10686214  In order for a company to able to cover its short term liabilities, it requires necessarily have a current ratio of 1:1 (Penwell 1994). Thus, during the years 2009 and 2010, Toyota had enough liquid assets to cover short term obligations; 1.07:1 and 1.2:1 respectively.Quick Asset (or Acid Test) RatioComponent20092010Current Assets-Inventory(11298929-1459394)0.93:1(13073604-1422373)1.09:1Current Liabilities10589293  10686214  In the year 2009, it seems that Toyota had a slightly less liquid resourc e to meet its short term obligations compared to the year 2010. However, this is risky for the business, because in the short term all the available liquid assets may become depleted and thus the company may not be able to meet its obligations.Asset Efficiency RatiosStock TurnoverComponent20092010Cost of salesClosing stock17468416145939411.97 times per annum15971496142237311.23 times per annum  Days in year36530 days36533 daysStock turn11.97  11.23  There was no much big difference in the years 2009 and 2010 for Toyota in terms of a number of times it sold out its stock.Debtors TurnoverComponent20092010Credit salesClosing trade creditors19173720139274913.77 times per annum1772472918862739.40 times per annum  Days in year36526.5 days36539 daysStock turn13.77  9.40  In the year 2010, the number of days that the debtors took in order to clear their debts increased for 27 days in the year 2009 to 39 days. That means the overall cash the company received was less compared to what its customers owed the company.Creditors Payment PeriodComponent20092010Cost of salesClosing trade creditors17468416129945513.44 times per annum1597149619565058.16 times per annum  Days in year36527 days36545 daysStock turn13.44  8.16  In the year 2010, Toyota took longer than usual to pay its suppliers and this worked to its advantage in that it was more predisposed at using creditors’ money to generate income.Working Capital Operating Cycle  2009  20102003Stock takes30days to sell after it has been manufactured, then33Debtors take27days to pay, meaning that39  57days will have elapsed before any cash arrives72but Creditors are paid in(27)days, which means that the business has to finance(45)  30days of activity from cash reserves or overdraft27The working capital management policy of Toyota improved in the year 2010 and this is favorable in that the number of days required being financed from cash reserves reduced for 30 in 2009 to 27 in 2010.Asset Turnov erComponent20092010Revenue17178790.093 times2094560.012 timesTotal capital employed(29062037-10589293)  (30349287-10686214)  In the year 2010, the management of Toyota became inefficient in managing the assets of the company. Asset turnover decreased to 0.012 up from 0.093.Capital Structure RatiosGearing RatioComponent20092010Loans and borrowings(10589293 +7872007)x10099.94%(10686214+8732630)x 10098.76%Total capital employed(29062037-10589293)  (30349287-10686214)  The gearing ration of Toyota in the years 2009 and 2010 was extremely high meaning that it had a large number of loans compared to its own equity. This is however tolerable for a company in the auto industry as it requires a huge capital investment which ultimately implies the potential to make huge profits.Fixed Interest CoverComponent200820092010Operating profit227037549 times(461011)(9.83) times1475164.42 timesInterest payable on borrowings46113  46882  33409  In the year 2008, Toyota had sufficient opera ting profit to cover the interest it was supposed to pay on loans and other borrowings. However, in the years 2009 and 2010, the reduced significantly to less than 0 and 4.42 respectively hence it incurred a lot of loss in paying for loan interest.Investor’s RatiosDividend per Share (DPS)DPS = Earnings Distributed to Shareholders/Number of SharesThis is given in the consolidated income statement: for the years 2008, 2009 and 2010 DPS amounted to  ¥ 140,  ¥ 100, and  ¥ 45 respectively.An increase in dividend per share implies an increased value of shareholders' wealth in a company. For Toyota DPS decreased sharply for the years 2008, 2009, and 2010. This can be attributed to decreased unit sales as a result of vehicle recalls in the years 20009 and 2010.Market Price Per Share (MPS)MPS = value of common stock/ Number of shares issued

Finding papes is tough Essay Example For Students

Finding papes is tough Essay Ok so you all must know that to enter into oppapers yo must have a paper. which is the stupidest thin ever. I dont know how long I have tomake this so i will just keep going. makes sense right? SO hopefully by now I will be able to find a paper for this stupid class I am taking. Becky is going to bed now we will see her in awhile I guess. well hopefully I will get ome mail and find this paper I need or I might fail the class and that just would not be any good. So it was fun but I will talk to you later. Ok so just found out my paper has to be two-hundred and fifty words o more or else they wont take it. I cant wait until school is over with so I dont have to go through this any more. Then maybe by next year I will be alot smarter. I think I am almost t the limit just a little more writing and I will be there. By the way did I mention I was hungry cause I am. If im typing this garbage I cant eat. Lets hope that all of this work I have done pays of. And im not yet there yet so I like all types of music. I just want to get my home work done so then I can just go to bed. No though this site decided that you have to submit a paper before you can get one. I hope i amnot doing thi for nothing because then I would have jut wasted abot fifteen minutes of my time.Words/ Pages : 280 / 24

Malthusian theory of population free essay sample

Thomas Malthus Theory of Population that was proposed more than two centuries ago, foretold the problems of food shortage that the world is facing today, due to uncontrolled increase in population. Thomas Robert Malthus was a British economist and a demographer, whose famous Theory of Population highlighted the potential dangers of overpopulation. Malthus put forth his ideas in six editions of his famous treatise An Essay on the Principle of Population. His thinking took shape under the influence of the optimistic ideas of his father and his friends especially Rousseau, for future improvement of the society. In the first edition of his treatise, Malthus put forth his views that opposed the belief of scholars like Marquis de Condorcet and William Godwin who were optimistic about population growth in England. During the Industrial Revolution, England experienced a steep increase in its population. In his book The Enquirer, William Godwin promoted population growth as a means for human beings to attain equality. We will write a custom essay sample on Malthusian theory of population or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page According to him, an increased population would create more wealth that would provide food for the whole humanity. Scholars of such school of thought believed that, both man and society could be made perfect. In contrast to this viewpoint, Malthus interpreted overpopulation as an evil that would reduce the amount of food available per person. The Theory: In his famous treatise An Essay on the Principles of Population, Malthus stated that, the populations of the world would increase in geometric proportions while the food resources available for them would increase only in arithmetic proportions. In simple words, if human population was allowed to increase in an uncontrolled way, then the number of people would increase at a faster rate than the food supply. A point would come when human population would reach the limit up to which food sources could not support it. Any further increase would lead to population crash caused by natural phenomena like famine or disease. According to him, human society could never be perfected. He believed that man is a lazy animal, who would lead a satisfied life and procreate as long as his family was well fed. However, as soon as human population would feel constraints in food supply due to increase in population, he would again work hard to provide enough for his family. This might lead to an increase in agricultural production to provide for all, but at the same time man would be back to his complacent stage, where all his needs would be fulfilled. This would start the cycle of overpopulation and food shortage, all over again. Having been a clergy, Malthus validated his theory on moral grounds that suffering was a way of making human beings realize the virtues of hard work and moral behavior. Such kind of suffering due to overpopulation and limited food supply was inevitable. Assumptions: Malthus took into account two main assumptions: †¢Food is an essential component for human existence. †¢Humans have the basic urge to multiply. Explanation: Malthus theory was based on the assumption that the power of population to multiply is much greater than the power of the earth to provide subsistence for man. In his own words passion between the sexes is an inevitable phenomenon, hence, when unchecked, population would grow at such a high rate that it would outstrip food supply. According to him, disease, food shortage and death due to starvation, were natures way to control population. He proposed that human beings adopt measures like infanticide, abortion, delay in marriage and strict following of celibacy to check population growth. Relation between Population, Wages and Inflation: Malthus described the whole scenario as a vicious cycle of population growth and its effects. He proposed that the boom in population will result into excess of labor force ready to work at the available wage rate, giving them the income to buy food for their family. This will lead to an increase in the overall demand for food outstripping its supply. Hence, the prices will rise and inflation will set in. This inflationary pressure will worsen the situation of the already distressed poor section of the society leaving the riches unaffected. The poor will work more to improve their situation and will also consider reducing the population growth so that they have less mouths to feed. However, this will only last till the population equals the food supply and the inflation ceases; after which, overall standard of living will rise and so will the population explosion reaching the same point, hence called the vicious cycle. Proposed Solutions: In his first edition of the essay, Malthus proposed two main solutions to the problem of population explosion, namely: †¢Positive Check This method results in increase in death rate. He described this as Gods way of restoring the Natural Order. It includes famines, hunger, epidemics, war and other natural miseries which cause large-scale deaths. Although it helps in controlling the population growth, it brings with it widespread misery and pain. Hence, it is not regarded as an ideal solution to population problem. †¢Preventive or Negative Check This method refers to human effort in reducing the birth rate. It is more practically and logically applicable. Abortion, prostitution, postponement of marriage, birth control and celibacy are few measures that were advised to be strictly followed in order to help solve the problem. In his second edition of the same essay, Malthus laid more emphasis on: Moral Restraint: This is regarded as a universally applicable solution keeping up with the ideologies of virtue, economic gain and social improvement. According to this principle, one should refrain from marriage till the time he is capable of supporting a family with food, clothing and shelter. Until then he should follow strict celibacy. In the words of Geoffrey Gilbert, He (Malthus) went so far as to claim that moral restraint on a wide scale was the best means indeed, the only means of easing the poverty of the lower classes. Impact: Malthus theory had great influence on both Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace, who are the co-founders of the modern evolutionary theory. In his own words Darwin acknowledged, that he was already aware of the struggle for existence among different species of plants and animals. However, it was only after he read Malthus work, he realized that animals in their struggle to survive retained the favorable features that would help them adjust to the environment, and lost those that were of no use to them. Thus, the Theory of Natural Selection was born. By the end of the 19th Century, when living standards improved and birth rates dropped in the Western countries, concerns of overpopulation became irrelevant. However, in underdeveloped countries which have agrarian economies, Malthus theory often finds credibility. Criticism: Some critics like Karl Marx, argued that Malthus failed to recognize the potential of human population to increase food supply. He is accused by many to have failed to comprehend mans ability to use science and technology to increase food supply to meet the needs of an increasing population. Thinkers from the field of social sciences have criticized Malthus for his belief that the human society could never be made perfect. He opposed all political, social and economic reforms that did not aim at controlling birth rate. His own methods of checking population growth were criticized for being impractical. Malthus was opposed to the Poor Laws popular in England, which provided relief to the people who qualified as poor under the laws. According to him, such charity would provide only short-term relief to them and let the poor remain in their state of financial distress. This thought of Malthus was viewed as misanthropic. From his writings, some have interpreted Malthus as a rigid and pessimistic individual. However, he is also viewed by some as a pragmatic thinker, who put a check on the unbridled enthusiasm of some who viewed increase in population as a means of progress.

Professional Values Essays

Professional Values Essays Professional Values Paper Professional Values Paper C. B. Bernsten, and M. A. Sanner. 2008. Care ideologies re? ected in 4 conceptions of pharmaceutical care. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy 4: 332–342. Childress, J. F. , et al. 2002. Public health ethics: Mapping the terrain. Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 30: 170–178. Choosing health thorough pharmacy- A programme for pharmaceutical public health 2005–2015. 2005. London: Department of Health. dh. gov. uk/publications. Faculty of Public Health of the Royal Colleges of Physicians of the United Kingdom. What is Public Health? fphm. org. uk/about_faculty/what_public_health/default. asp. Accessed August 2009. Fassett, W. E. 2007. Ethics, law and the emergence of responsibility for patient care. Annals of Pharmacotherapy 41: 1264–1267. Goodin, R. E. 1985. Protecting the vulnerable. A reanalysis of our social responsibilities. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Harding, G. , and K. Taylor. 1997. Responding to change: The case of community pharmacy in Great Britain. Sociology of Health Illness 19(5): 547–560. ? Hayry, M. 2006. Public health and human values. Journal of Medical Ethics 32: 519–521. Hepler, C. D. , and L. M. Strand. 1990. Opportunities and responsibilities in pharmaceutical care. American Journal of Hospital Pharmacy 47: 533–543. Jesson, J. , and P. Bissell. 2006. Public health and pharmacy:

7 Ways To Show The Hiring Manager That You Really Want The Job

7 Ways To Show The Hiring Manager That You Really Want The Job You really really want this job. And you want to make sure the hiring manager knows it. Trouble is, you also don’t want to come off as totally desperate. As much as you want to give them the really hard sell and show off your exuberant enthusiasm for the position, it’s best to hold back and try these tricks instead. 1. Send a note.A handwritten thank you note after the interview will go a long way. And it’s much more elegant than gushing or yammering on about just how much you love the company and really really want this job. Bonus points if you’ve already sent a quick follow-up email and can mention different things in the handwritten note.2. Go the extra mile.If a job description says that certain application materials are optional, and you have the capacity to provide them, do. You’ll easily set yourself apart from the majority of applicants who won’t have time or energy to go above and beyond for this particular job. And you’ll hav e that many more chances to prove you are a perfect fit for the position.3. Be clear.If you’re lucky enough to have the opportunity, i.e. you’re asked point-blank about the seriousness of your intentions, then do make it absolutely clear how serious you are about wanting this gig. Refrain from gushing, but make it firmly clear you are in this.4. Take home some swag.This is a potentially risky move, but if you see some brand stickers or pens or other such swag on your way out, and you feel comfortable doing so, you could remark on how stylish or well-done the item is and say, â€Å"If you have any to spare, I’d love to take one of these with me.† As long as you can pull this off without looking creepy, it’s sometimes a great move to show you’re really serious about a company.5. Do your homework.Perhaps the best thing you can bring with you into an interview for a gig you’re really gung-ho to get is preparation. Don’t waste time pining and hoping that you get hired. Spend all of that nervous energy doing really solid research into the company, the industry, and the job itself. Doing your homework will help you shine in the interview.6. Ask questions.Your interviewer will ask you if you have any questions. And you’d best be prepared to have some. Make sure they’re intelligent and incisive. Tailor them to the company and the position. Use the research you’ve done to make sure you have this step of the interview covered. And practice asking before you go in.7. Come up with a final pitch.Think up (and practice practice practice) a final elevator pitch that you can use to close the interview. Some combination of â€Å"thank you† and a way to reaffirm your keen interest in the position. Make it surgical and elegant and follow it up with good body language and a firm handshake (and of course, the thank you note), and you’ll do great.Who knows? If you manage to nail all of this, y ou might just make them more interested in you!

The Red Badge of Courage by Stephen Crane Essay

The Red Badge of Courage by Stephen Crane - Essay Example Among such personages are "the loud soldier" Wilson, who initially behaves with bravado but gradually manifests a personal change that turns him into a person who "showed a quiet belief in his purpose and his abilities" (Crane 1990, ch.14, par.14), and Jim Conklin, who is a strong and self-assertive soldier realistic about war, thus serving from the beginning of the novel as a contrast to romantic Henry. The way Conklin stoically endures hardships also makes him different from Wilson with his loud dissatisfaction. The plot of the novel develops as a Union regiment waits for the engagement into hostilities, during which time Fleming, attracted by the prospect of glory, is at the same time worried about his courage. After experiencing the battle and feeling himself insignificant in it, Fleming flees. From this moment start his tormenting attempts of self-reconciliation, as he initially tries to justify his behavior aimed at preservation of his life. But he encounters a dead body in the forest, which reminds him of the insignificance of human life, and when he later joins the group of wounded soldiers he wishes to have a wound too, associating it with "the red badge of courage". As he is ashamed by the questions of a tattered solider about his wound, and as he sees the dignified death of Conklin, Fleming is prepared for the change of his attitude. After he is wounded by another fleeing soldier and returns to his camp where Wilson, who now is different from the loud soldier he used to be, cares for him, Fleming returns to the battle and is seen as the most courageous soldier. As he reflects on his new perception of war, he no longer strives for glory, and realizes that he withstood "the red sickness" of battle. On ground of this, and considering the title of the book, we can immediately see that the notion of courage constitutes the main theme of the narrative. Indeed, as the story of the young soldier develops, we, along with Fleming, are defining courage, wish to achieve it, and, finally, see Henry obtain it. In the beginning of the story Henry Fleming perceives courage in a romantic way as he imagines that akin to heroes of the past he will return from war with his shield or on his shield, but certainly with glory surrounding him. In this way, for Fleming courage represents an external measure equated to envy from the side of men, and increased attention from the side women. Since the very beginning of the novel Henry demonstrates his rejection of alternative interpretations of courage as he disagrees with the advice of his mother to fulfil his duties in a honest way, even if this would endanger his life. This disparity between definitions of courage would be present throughout the book. For example, it is at its greatest when Henry leaves in the forest the wounded soldier who is annoying him with the questions about Henrys wound, and this disparity diminishes as Henry excels in his first battle. Finally, as the novel comes to the end, Fleming triumphantly returns from the battle being already mature, and having at this point a realistic understanding of how difficult it may be for the courage to emerge. Now, courage is no longer a product of opinions of other people, but rather it represents the product of deeply felt concerns about reputation and self-respect of a soldier. Thus, we can see how "the red badge of courage", in literal meaning of a wound and in symbolic meaning of the internal conflict, is a painful but often

Communication Plan Final Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Communication Plan Final Proposal - Essay Example In either way, the customer will be disappointed if the bug is removed and if it will be ignored (Best Game Productions, 2015). From the motto of the CEO â€Å"An ethical company is a thriving business†. To maintain the ethics of the company and to retain the consumer loyalty, the video game has to be released containing the bug. Eventually, the company will implant some measures to employ a technician who will work on complete removal of the threat. The stakeholders are requested to comply with the decision made by the management. Once they release the game in the planned period, the future games will be developed in a more advanced manner that bug will have no room. According to the ground rules of the company’s ethical code, it states explicitly on how to deal with the consumer and also upholding the business’s name (Best Game Productions, 2015). To instill honesty and integrity, the consumer has to know the truth about the effect that will result if they buy a product containing a

Progressive Movement Essay Example for Free

Progressive Movement Essay The period from 1890 to 1917 in the history of United States is known as Progressive era. This period is marked by an all-encompassing and intensive change in all spheres of American life viz. political, economic and social. According to Nevin and Commager, this period was â€Å"marked by revolt and reform in almost every department of American life. Old political leaders were ousted and new one enlisted; political machinery was overhauled and modernized; political practices were subject to critical scrutiny and those which failed to square with the ideals of democracy were rejected. † (p. 382) These leaders from middle class pleaded for government regulation of big businesses to prevent exploitations pf the weaker sections. Stressing on the needs for reforms, Theodore Roosevelt said, â€Å"No hard-and-fast rule can be laid down as to the way in which such work [reform] must be done; but most certainly every man, whatever his position, should strive to do it in some way and to some degree. (Roosevelt) Most of the problems that Progressives wanted to tackle was an outcome of the industrial expansion and the political-industrial coalitions of the Gilded Age. During the Progressive almost every department of American life was overhauled and modernized. Thus Progressivism was a movement with â€Å"predominantly middle class objectives and viewpoint, deriving much of its support from small businessmen, farmers and professional people.† ( Parkes, p.544) At the federal level, the Progressive movement set in with the inauguration of the President Roosevelt curtailed the powers of the large organizations was epitomized through the suite against The Northern Securities Company in 1903. He introduced other legislative measures to breakdown the monopoly of the large corporations. Trust-Busting was the first radical step taken by Roosevelt that was aimed at the breaking of monopolies in any form and its abuses. Second major proponent of Progressivism at the Federal level was President William Howard Taft (1909-1913) who accomplished more progressive legislation than the Roosevelt. He introduced and enacted law to check corrupt practices during the elections. He dissolved ninety trusts under the Sherman Anti-Trust Act (these trusts were saving huge taxes in the name of charity and were involved in certain illegal activities). He strengthened the cause of democracy when he propagated the idea of direct elections for the senators and introduced 17th amendments in the U.S. constitution. Woodrow is the next in the row for progressive presidents. He introduced far-reaching economic reforms and adopted a number other progressive measure to capacitate the entire American spirit with purpose. Hs foremost priority was the revision of tariff and introduction of viable reforms. Secondly, he introduced another Act to reconstruct the monetary and banking sector. Although his program of more progressive reforms were cut short but the outbreak or WW II but two more constitutional amendment (18th and 19th) became effective in his presidency.[1] Progressives could not bring about the revolutionary transformation of the political and economic system. The evident disappointment of the Progressive movement was its disinclination to deal with racial discrimination. Although it had a national agenda but it was meant for Whites only. The Afro-American suffered from the victimization at the social and state level through disfranchisement, Jim Crow laws, and poverty.   Additionally, it failed to address the questions of class conflict and ended in despair for small owners and businessmen. Yet it cannot be denied that through their reforms they tried to revitalize democracy and made the rulers responsible and accountable to the public. â€Å"Perhaps the best known results of this era are the 18th and 19th Amendments, Prohibition and woman suffrage respectively. But this legislation really came at the tail end of the period that has come to be known as the Age of Reform. The amendments were actually the byproducts of an immense social and political upheaval which changed forever the expectations of the role government would play in American society.† (PBS) References Nevins, Allan Commager, Henry S. 1966. A short history of the United States. New   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   York: A. Knopf. Parkes, Henry B. 1959. The United States of America—A History. New York: Knopf. PBS. The Progressive Era 1900-1918. On-line. Available from Internet, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/eleanor/peopleevents/pande08.html, accessed 23 March   2008. [1] 18th Amendment of U.S. Constitution the process of introduction of Prohibition was completed whereas 19th Amendments granted the right of vote to the women on equal terms with men.

Investment Banks and Commercial Banks Are Analogous to Oil and Water: They Just Do Not Mix :: History Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Investment Banks and Commercial Banks Are Analogous to Oil and Water: They Just Do Not Mix As a result of more than 9,000 banks failing during the Great Depression years of 1930-1933, bank regulation was greatly tightened in the United States. The legislature felt the unethical actions from the integration of commercial and investment banking aided in these failures for three main reasons: banks invested their own assets in risky securities, unsound loans were made to boost the price of securities of companies whom the bank had invested in, and the commercial banks interests in the price of securities tempted bank managers to pressure customers to purchase risky securities that the bank was trying to sell. As a result, President Roosevelt felt that the best remedy to the situation was to pass the Banking Act of 1933, which established two new provisions to financial regulation: deposit insurance and the separation of commercial and investment banking activities. Sections 16, 20, 21, and 32 of the act are referred to as the Glass-Steagall Act. These sections forbid depo sit-taking institutions from engaging in the issuing, underwriting, selling, or distributing of securities. Since the provisions of the Glass-Steagall Act did not apply to foreign banks operating in the United States, they could engage in insurance and securities activities. This put the American banks at a disadvantage. As a result of the pressure on the legislature and the constant talks of overturning the act, it was finally repealed. On November 12, 1999, President Clinton signed the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Financial Services Modernization Act, which repealed the Glass-Steagall Act. This allowed securities firms and insurance companies to purchase banks and commercial banks to underwrite insurance and securities. From this repeal, the financial services industry has undergone a consolidating phase of commercial banks and investment banks becoming one. However, this has not always proved beneficial for these companies. My hypothesis is that the culture clash stemming from the different risk tolerance levels between investment banks and commercial banks is the main reason why such mergers and acquisitions have not resulted in the expected synergies the financial markets were anticipating. Investment banks, by nature, have higher risk tolerance levels than do commercial banks. The principal reason for this is that investment banks are not financial intermediaries in the sense that they take deposits and lend them out.

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Literary Analysis In The Bean Trees by Barbara Kingfisher there are many different relationships between characters. Some are more important to the story, like the relationship that Taylor and Turtle share. Other characters that develop relationships are Taylor and Lou Ann, and Taylor and her mother, Alice. All of these relationships are also very symbiotic because the people rely on each other, without each other they would have much different lives. The author shows how Taylor grows through her relationships and the dependence they have on one another.Another important relationship that we see in The Bean Trees is the relationship between Taylor and her mother, Alice. Alice Is a single mother who raises Taylor on her own until Taylor Is old enough to move out of town. I believe that her mother serves as a role model for all of the other future women throughout the book. She raised Taylor as a confident young woman who would not be held back. Tailor's father, Foster, left her and h er mother before she was born, but Alice still has a very positive outlook on life.She tells her daughter that â€Å"trading Foster for you was the best deal this side of the Jackson Purchase† (6). She shows Taylor that she does not need her father, Foster, to love life because she has her. Love and support is found in this relationship especially from Alice to Taylor. Taylor says, â€Å"There were two things about Mama. One is she always expected the best out of me. And the other is that no matter what I did, whatever I came home with, she acted like it was the moon I had just hung up in the sky and plugged in all the stars† (13).Alice really motivated Taylor as her mother to go far In life and would praise her to let her know she is doing well. Since they had this strong mother and daughter relationship, Taylor has the courage o leave Pitman to escape motherhood and become the best person she could be, for her mother and herself. Taylor Greer, the main character, lef t her home in Kentucky to avoid becoming pregnant and being a young mother like every other girl. This seems ironic because as soon as she leaves, she is given a baby from an Indian lady.She names the baby girl Turtle. Besides the relationship that Taylor had with her mother, she never had anyone depend on her. The relationship between Taylor and Turtle is the first example of dependence in the story. I believe that Turtle was given to Taylor to present the importance in relationships because the baby is fully depending on Taylor to take care of her. Also, I think there was a reason that she names the baby Turtle. Taylor says you're like a mud turtle. If a mud turtle bites you, it won't let go till it thunders† (22).This quote Is showing that Turtle does not let go of Taylor easily and this also shows that the relationship between them Is growing stronger. Turtle trusts her and Is starting to look at her Like a mother figure. When Taylor got to a motel with the baby she wrote to her mother, â€Å"l found my rights, Mama. They're coming with he may not be able to be the best provider. She sees Turtle as a â€Å"right† or something that she now has ownership of. When Taylor moves to Tucson she meets and moves in with Lou Ann, a single mother, who now Taylor depends on.They end up helping each other along with life and act like one family with their children. In the beginning, Taylor acted as if she did not want them to act like family, â€Å"Lou Ann, I moved in here because I knew we'd get along. It's nice of you to make dinner for us all, and to take care of Turtle sometimes, and I know you mean well it's not like we're a family, for Chrism's sake. You've got your own life to live, and Vive got mine. You don't have to do all of this stuff for me† (85).This shows that Taylor might feel uneasy to depend on somebody else at the time, even though she knew she needed help. When she starts to realize this, she thinks, â€Å"We had worked things out: I cooked on weekends, and also on any week night that Lou Ann had kept Turtle she would do the vacuuming† (107). Taylor says move got your own life to live and Vive got mine† meaning they are not going to get involved with each other's lives. In the second quote, it shows that they are beginning o work together on living and would make each other dinner or help clean.Lou Ann would also have Turtle for the night while Taylor rested. As much as she did not want to admit it, Tailor's relationship grew with Lou Ann and she became much more dependent on her. The relationships in the book between Taylor and Turtle, Lou Ann and Taylor, and Taylor and her mother are all significant to show that dependence is a major theme in The Bean Trees. Barbara Kingfisher uses relationships to show dependence in order to say to the world that you cannot get through life without guidance or having someone's shoulder to lean on.

Does a plant grow bigger if watered with milk? Essay

The question being asked here would be â€Å"Does a plant grow bigger if watered with milk? Or water? † In my opinion the answer would be milk because milk contains vitamins and calcium that water does not have, but the answer is to be found out later during the project. Well, it is known that for a plant to survive it will definitely need air, soil, water, light, and space to grow, but maybe if we replaced water with milk, plants could grow bigger and quicker, you never know. To test my theory, every morning before school I will water two of my plants with water like I regularly do, and two of my plants with milk which will be something new and will hopefully help my plants grow big and strong. The milk will probably help make the plants stronger. We humans need to have nutrients which we get from the food we eat that helps our bodies grow and stay healthy. Of course, just like us, plants also need the nutrients to grow. Milk actually contains quite a few nutrients, which may or may not help the plant grow bigger. Milk could also act as the plants fertilizer which could improve the plants growth. Those are just some of the ways that milk would help a plant grow. Well to start off, milk does make our bones stronger, it sounds like it can also make a plant grow taller because of the calcium that it contains. So if milk helps us grow, why shouldn’t it help plants grow? I know that water is important to plants for many reasons, like moving the gases during photosynthesis and making glucose needed for the plants energy. However, plants can also grow when they are watered with other liquids. Watering plants with different liquids can give the plants not only the water they need for growing, but it also gives the plant other gases and nutrients water does not have that will support their growth. Milk has so many qualities that would help a plant grow. Milk helps protect the plant with things by changing the pH levels of leaves to avoid diseases to attack the plant. It can also control the pH level of the soil. The pH is what makes the plant work. Milk will make the vermin and bacteria in the soil grow better too. The milk contains some proteins that could be used by the plant as a source of nitrogen for the improvement of growth, calcium in the milk would help the plant to grow better. Milk has many different types of waters in it including sugars, carbohydrates, and lactose, some of which the plant can use to grow bigger. Some farmers use milk to make those really big orange pumpkins for carnival contests even bigger. Milk contains many, many, many nutrients some can help the plant grow, some may have no effect on the plants growth, and some might actually kill the plant. For example milk contains some protein that could be used by the plant as a source of nitrogen for helping it to grow and the milk can add nutrients to the soil. Since the milk has calcium, giving the plant some of this additional calcium from milk could possibly help improve the plants growth. The milks sugar, also known as the lactose, probably won’t be able to be used by the plant. It could actually cause a build-up in the soil which could damage the plant leading it to die. The nitrogen in milk is full of protein, but the bacteria and the fungi in the soil will break this down and some of the nitrogen will be released as nitrate or ammonia. These ions that contain the nitrogen can then be taken into the plant roots for growth. Milk also has vitamin A, vitamin B12, vitamin B6, vitamin D, zinc, and many other elements some of which will not make any difference in the plants growth. It is known that milk will definitely help tomato plants with their growth, as well as some other garden vegetables, a perennial (which is a plant that lives for more than two years like apples, apricots, bananas etc. ) and even houseplants. Milk contains water, carbohydrates and lactose. Since plants need water for them to grow, the water inside milk can also help it grow. I don’t know if you’ve heard of this, but milk can also be a fertilizer to help a plant grow. You probably do know that milk contains calcium. Calcium is actually a very important plant macronutrient. Macronutrients are the foods that help plants grow and work. Calcium helps a plant build its cell walls which have the job of transporting the other plants nutrients, protecting the cell membrane and the cell in general. Also the calcium level in the soil controls the soil pH, the pH is what makes the plant work or not work. If the calcium is taken out of the soil, the soil will become more acid and can change the plants growth. So when you give plants milk, you are practically giving them calcium, which we all know we need to grow. Milk has proteins, vitamin B and sugars that are good for plants, helping their health and crop growth. The germs that eat the fertilizer particles of milk are also helpful to the soil. Also, gardeners from back in the old days AND recent scientific plant research say that milk contains fungicidal properties. This means that if you spray milk on plants, it will control the growth of bad fungi. Plant researches in Brazil and in Australia have recently used milk as a fungicide on vegetable crops, grapes, and flowers. They said that spraying a small mix of 1 part of milk and 9 parts of water stopped the fungi from growing. Besides giving your plants a nutritional boost, milk can also help prevent or even stop some of the fungus problems that plants sometimes have. So, will a plant grow bigger when watered with milk? Or water? I continue to believe that the answer is that milk will make a plant grow bigger. Especially after all the information you just read, I think milk would definitely help a plant grow bigger and stronger. All of the milks nutrients will help the plant grow and give it more protein. The calcium in the milk can help the plant in many ways, it helps control the soil, and helps build its cell wall. Finally milk can be a fertilizer for the plants soil and can prevent fungi from forming in the plant. These are just some of the ways in which helps a plant grow. In the end I know that both water and milk will help the plants growth but both in their own ways.

Analyse the techniques Essay Example

Analyse the techniques Essay Example Analyse the techniques Essay Analyse the techniques Essay Essay Topic: The Metamorphosis At the beginning of this short movie, it doesnt look like anything bad is going to happen, this makes the audience suspicious and want to watch more. I thought the quality of the performance was good, the effectiveness of the make-up, like in the opening, set in the late 50s, early 60s and the make up is set to that era. Michael is wearing red, throughout the movie, making him the dominant male and to make him stand out from everyone else. I thought the special effects for the early 80s were pretty well done. Jackson decided to produce the Thriller video to promote the song. This made him big, and both young and old liked the movie. The film is divided into six scenes, the editor jumps from the 50s to the 80s. When this jump happens, the costumes change; Michael and Ola are in now in the cinema. The editing helps create an atmosphere/mood; a form of gothic genre is successfully created. Subdued lightning, the graveyard, living dead, and the gothic derelict house help contribute to the atmosphere/mood of this pop movie. Michael and Olas romantic moment starts with an establisher shot, a very common shot to start with. We first see the Cadillac, which is from the same era; coming closer to us, but then the gas, mysteriously runs out. Michael and Ola get out and start to walk into the woods; Michael is wearing a red jacket with red trousers, which makes the audience view him as the dominant male. Ola, on the other hand, is wearing a pink dress, with white shoes; her hair is short and sways. I thought that their relationship was very soppy. My personal views on the effectiveness of the close-up shots during the metamorphosis are rather mixed. I felt that the close up shots of his different body parts changing into the werewolf were pretty slow. At one point, there is a close up shot of Michaels hand changing and whilst it was changing, Michael just stood there; I would think a werewolf would be more active. The production crew used editing to enable make-up artists to build up the werewolf mask, which was made of latex rubber. Special effects were repeated to make the audience feel anxious, Elmer Bernsteins scary music helped to great tension. During the chase, there was symbolisms of moon shots, lots of POVS, such as when Michael is about to pounce on Ola. We see it from her POV looking up at him then from Michaels POV looking down on Ola, to make us feel like were actually that person. A flash-forward jump cut brings us to the early 80s. Michael and Ola are wearing completely different clothes than in the 50s. Now that we are in the 80s, I feel Michael and Olas relationship looks more stable. The use of a long dolly shot, makes us feel as if we were walking beside them, using CO2 helps set the scene, makes the graveyard feel dark and gloomy. The effectiveness of the lighting creates a mood round the graveyard and buildings. Michaels brilliant dance skills were put to the test when he did an unchoerographed dance around Ola. As Michael and Ola get closer to the graveyard, zombies start emerging from graves, tomb and vaults. A few camera shots were used such as medium shots, close ups and over the shoulder shot. The effectiveness of the zombies clothes and make-up brought them to life; dirty, grubby clothes made them look real. When the zombies surround Micheal and Ola, the music starts and Ola is basically standing there watching. Micheal and the zombies are dancing to the song Thriller; the zombies have stiff movements, synchronized steps. The production crew must have cut the film for Michael to change his appearance into a zombie. Clever choreography by Vincent Price brought the zombies and Michael alive. Ola is just standing there watching, which is a bit strange; I thought she would be more involved in the zombie dance. Lots of SFX were used during the Breaking and Entering scene. Ola runs into the derelict house, a close-up to extreme close up on Ola. As the zombies close in on Ola, camera tilted up to show POV shot, through Olas eyes; shot develops to close up, then extreme close up on Olas eye. Dubbing of the sound effects, such as the windows, which were made of sugar glass; walls made from thin wood and cardboard; floor, the effect of the atmospheric music by Elmer Bernstein, builds to a crescendo. A jump cut happens, to Michaels house and all is normal. Frozen picture on Michael, turning towards camera, slow zoom to close up/extreme close up on his yellow feline eyes; haunting laughter from Vincent Price, credits appear, there is a reprise of zombie dance and the zombies return to their graves. Overall, I feel that this promotional video, Thriller by Michael Jackson is now rather dated; were talking of a 23-year-old movie. Some of the special effects are rather basic now and look fake, especially the metamorphosis. I did like Michaels unchoerographed dance around Ola and how effective it was in the movie. The clothes were set the right eras but now looking from this day and age, they look rather dated.

Teachers and Standardized Testing Pressure

Teachers and Standardized Testing Pressure If youre in education in the 21st Century, were willing to bet you feel the pressure of standardized test scores, no matter where you teach in the United States. The pressure seems to come from all sides: the district, parents, administrators, the community, your colleagues, and yourself. Sometimes it feels like you cant take a moment away from the hard-core academic subjects in order to teach so-called non-essentials, like music, art, or physical education. These subjects are frowned-upon by the people who meticulously monitor test scores. Time away from math, reading, and writing is seen as time wasted. If it doesnt directly lead to improved test scores, you arent encouraged, or sometimes even allowed, to teach it. In California, school rankings and scores are published in the newspapers and discussed by the community. Schools reputations are made or broken by the bottom line, numbers printed in black and white on newsprint. Its enough to make any teachers blood pressure rise at the thought of it. What Teachers Have to Say About Standard Testing These are some of the things teachers have said over the years about standardized test scores and the pressures surrounding student performance: I did just fine in school and life, even though my teachers didnt emphasize achievement on tests.Its only one test - why does it matter so much?I dont even have time to teach Science or Social Studies any more!I start teaching Test Preparation the first week of school.Its not fair that were graded on how our students do on this test when all we can do is present the information to them. We cant help how they will actually do on Test Day!My principals on my back this year because my students didnt so well last year. This is just the tip of the iceberg when it comes to teachers opinions on this controversial issue. Money, prestige, reputation, and professional pride are all at stake. Administrators seem to be getting additional pressure to perform from the district bosses which the principals, in turn, pass down to their staff. No one likes it and most people think its all irrational, yet the pressure is snowballing and increasing exponentially. What Research Has to Say About Standard Testing Research shows that there is an incredible amount of pressure that is placed on teachers. This pressure often results in teacher burn-out. Teachers often feel like they need to teach to the test which results in them having to take away from higher order thinking skills, which has been proven to have long term benefits for students and is a much needed 21st-century skill. Edited By Janelle Cox

Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

Critique - Essay Example But can morality and law go hand in hand? A moral duty calls for a father to oblige a child’s need for food but law wouldn’t understand the necessity hence highlighting the action as an act of stealing. Imagining plays a vital role in assessing any situation. Perhaps one is not encountering a critical patch in life but can imagine the hurdles and bottlenecks a person has to face in the same scenario. Only imagination can lead to empathy and empathy does not connect with law at all. One needs to understand the aim of author here, who is basically trying to estimate the situation with a legal perspective and moral view. America is looked upon by other nations, who have claimed over the years the view of empathy through indulging into activities for welfare of other states. However, it gives a negative impression if just claims are left to believe in and lofty rhetoric negates our actions. The rights to all are discussed and agreed upon by all but to actually distribute and share them comes under the implication part which unfortunately is not being practiced and somehow law is forbidding it without our knowledge. If only justice can be attain by law and values can be learnt through n orms our nation could be experiencing a dilemma of fear. Fear to see and feel what actually brings misery and helplessness in a society. Immigrants do abide hurdles to adjust into a different culture but to understand the various reasons; they leave their zone of comfort one can only see means of obtaining financial or social security. When we teach our younger ones to imagine, the horizon of their thinking can lead to a global change. This idea can not be exactly legitimate but will be crucial and will contain ethical responsibility in it. Hunger and well fare of offspring are reasons which are commonly observed for a person to take desperate measures. In the history we can see, differences among cultures and regional diversity was regarded

Rock-n-roll and the use of drugs in the period between 1955 and 1966 Essay

Rock-n-roll and the use of drugs in the period between 1955 and 1966 - Essay Example As the counterculture began to emerge, however, an associated interest with mind altering drugs began to be a part of the experience. While the era of drug use and free thinking is often thought of as the 1960s, the counterculture began much earlier, stemming from the gravitation of certain individuals to jazz and folk music which was often expressed by those who were calling themselves beatniks and bohemians. The period of time between 1955 and 1966 were pivotal, however, as the course of social change also saw changes in the way in which intellectualism was pursued, leading to the heavier use of drugs during that time period. In 1966, Grace Slick wrote one of the more iconic songs that projected the connection between literacy, rock and roll, and the drug culture. Referencing Lewis Carroll’s Alice in Wonderland she wrote â€Å"One pill makes you larger/One pill makes you small/ And the ones that mother gives you/Don’t do anything at all/Go ask Alice/When she’s ten feet tall† (Farber, 2007, p. 62). At the same time, there has been a struggle between embracing the effects of drug use and the consequences of indulging in drugs with too much intensity. Rock and roll lifestyles are both filled with the hedonism of sex and drugs and written to reflect the spiral downward that is taken through the ’looking glass’ when drug abuse takes over one’s life. One of the more famous quotes about drug use and the early years of rock and roll came from David Crosby who said â€Å"if you can remember the 60s, you weren’t there†, intimating the close connection between the use of drugs, forgetfulness during use and the revolutions of the 1960s which included a high level of drug use (Farber, 2007, p. 63). ... 63). Drug abuse and alcoholism as it was connected to musicians did not begin in the 1960s. Where there are high levels of artistic emotions combined with the pressures of success, drug use and alcohol abuse were often involved. However, cultural groups that specifically aligned themselves with the use of drugs was a relatively new phenomenon in the 1950s. The type of groups that were defined by a sort of intellectualism that was following some of the great writers of the time, as well as following paths towards hedonism and self indulgences were ’beatniks’ and ’bohemians’ of the 1950s. The music of jazz and folk music, two genres that helped to form the structures of rock and roll, were a type of music that drew people towards it that often indulged in drug use. According to Weinstein (1999), â€Å"the initial sparks were struck in the 1940s that set the counterculture ablaze with drugs in the 1960s† (p. 169). When Ardous Huxley wrote Doors of Perc eption in 1954, the counterculture was motivated to seek the perfect high, that state in which transcendence had occurred in which the promise of drug use was finally fulfilled. Seeking to fulfill some sort of intellectual imperative, the book written by Huxley gave a framework of understanding about the nature of mind altering drug use and the advantages of what one can learn from having taken mind altering drugs. Huxley (2009) describes what Spanish conquerors saw when they encountered Native Americans. He states â€Å"they eat a root which they call peyote, and which they venerate as though tit was a deity†(p. 9). The book became centering piece of pop culture from which the pursuit of the ultimate spiritual experience was sought after which included high

Has the marketing mix for Volkswagen been successful Coursework

Has the marketing mix for Volkswagen been successful - Coursework Example This report will focus primarily on promotion at Volkswagen and psychographic segmentation and targeting strategies, since the recent successes at VW in the last four to five years has been highly dependent on these activities and marketing strategies. The report describes pricing structure at Volkswagen and the rationale for this strategy, followed by acknowledgement of product and place in the marketing mix, with a continuing in-depth discussion of promotional activities domestic and international that has led to higher sales since 2008. 2.1 Pricing and Product at Volkswagen One marketing manager at Volkswagen describes the rationale for pricing at the company: â€Å"We are targeting young, self-confident city dwellers†¦that want a car which ticks all the technical boxes, epitomizes lifestyle and is a little unconventional in terms of looks† (Volkswagen 2010, p.91). The market share in Europe contributes most to the sales revenues and profit of VW, a market that is domi nated by small-sized passenger cars produced by companies such as Kia, Hyundai, and Fiat (among many others). These cars typically carry much lower prices due to their efficiency in petrol mileage and limited features. Customers have dedicated brand following to many of these competitive models, thus in order to gain market attention from the young professional between 21 and 34, the business must devote much of its production capacity and capabilities to producing small- to mid-size cars as competitive low-end pricing. In the UK and the United States, as one example, the list price is approximately $19,000 for the Passat (the company’s largest international seller). This price structure is compared to other small-sized... The report describes pricing structure at Volkswagen and the rationale for this strategy, followed by the acknowledgement of product and place in the marketing mix, with a continuing in-depth discussion of promotional activities domestic and international that has led to higher sales since 2008. One marketing manager at Volkswagen describes the rationale for pricing at the company: â€Å"We are targeting young, self-confident city dwellers†¦that want a car which ticks all the technical boxes, epitomizes lifestyle and is a little unconventional in terms of looks†. Volkswagen continues to use actors and endorsers and messages in the promotion that are highly relevant to lifestyle and attitudes, thus improving brand equity and long-term market loyalty. Trust in the brand is built around the market communications offered by Volkswagen that revolves strongly around satisfying consumer demands and promoting â€Å"affordable innovations†. This company would seem to be a b enchmark of the theoretical concept of effective customer relationship management, through its dedication to establishing operational components, the marketing mix, sales dealerships, and communications precisely linked to customer social and psychological value systems and emotional competencies in this age group. Examination of research on Volkswagen did not indicate any negative sentiment from the brand in existing key target markets.

Principle And Practice Of Assessment Theory

Principle And Practice Of Assessment Theory Within unit three of principles and practice of assessment, we as students were required to research the following areas: Principles of assessment, Peer and Self Assessment, Feedback and Questioning and Assessment Record Requirements. Research was completed on the four topics to help increase understanding and background knowledge of the areas. Further examination of these topics would allow me to think about the way in which I teach my students, be able to incorporate the ideas and illustrate the process of teaching and learning using these methods. During the research, it was intended that we explore the topics given, selecting and analysing material and using it to relate to the specialised area in which we teach. Initially, we worked as a group to research the principles of assessment which we were then to present back to other students as a micro teaching session. Petty (2004, pg 219) suggests that group work is active and gives students †¦chance to use the methods, principles and vocabulary that they are being taught. Assessment is a method which measures the extent and degree of learning which has taken place within or outside of the classroom. Skills, knowledge and attitudes can be measured against a pre determined standard set by the tutor or examining body of a subject module or qualification. Dictionary.com (2009) defines assessment as the act of assessing; appraisal; evaluation. As Petty (2004) suggests, assessment serves many different purposes. It can grade the attainment of learners, help to select candidates for jobs or courses, contribute to evidence the effectiveness of a course content and tutors abilities and provide a long term goal for learners. Assessment also allows opportunity to adjust teaching to ensure all targets or criteria is being met. However, it has been argued that assessment is unreliable and inaccurate and is a poor tool of predicting a students future performance. There are various types of assessment methods; these include initial diagnostic, formative, summative, norm and criterion referencing. Assessment starts at the very beginning of a students academic career. The initial or diagnostic assessment can take on many forms such as an informal chat to an entrance essay or examination. The goal is to attempt to find out as much information as possible about the student. The more information we have on the student, the more we can adapt the learning experience, to suit the learners needs. When working with adults with learning disabilities it is crucial that a tutor tries identify the abilities of a student as soon as possible. This is so we can identify their basic literacy and numeracy and as to whether we will have to place extra staff support into the classroom to ensure an inclusive environment. Often a student and tutor will create an Individual Learning Plan or ILP, which will identify learners needs and support they may require as well as any goals they may have for the future. Initial assessment can also help identify a students learning style. Gravells (2008) believes that †¦a key part of initial assessment is to involve your learners in assessing their own skills and knowledge. Formative assessment is continuous and frequent and is a tool used to inform the student and the tutor of students progress and whether they are meeting the objectives of the course. This form of assessment provides information and feedback upon which decisions and adaptations can be made and provides students with directions for future learning. Research has shown, (Petty, 2004) that this feedback while you learn has more effect on student achievement than any other factor. It gives students an intrinsic motivation to learn rather than extrinsic, therefore doing something or learning something because they want to not because they have been told they have to. Generally the results of formative assessment do not contribute to a students final grade but are purely for the purpose of assisting students to understand their strengths and weaknesses in order to work towards improving their overall performance. A major barrier to the effectiveness of formative assessment is the fact that t he mark generated doesnt usually count towards a students final grade and therefore students can be less motivated to put a great deal of effort into such assessment. Brown and Knight (1999) suggest that if used in an effective manner, formative assessment can help students to be more autonomous in their learning and to reflect on their performances and take responsibility for their academic growth. As a tutor, I tend to rely on formative assessment with my students; the reason for this is to alleviate any stress or nerves for the student. Due to having a student with autism, the idea of a formal summative assessment would upset that student and impact on their final grade. Summative assessment occurs at the end of a course or academic year. It is often achieved by the means of an examination or test which is †¦designed to differentiate between candidates on the basis of the breadth and depth of their learning. (Petty, 2004 pg 466). Summative  assessment is also seen as formal testing of what has been learned in order to produce marks or grades which may be used for reports of various types.  Ã‚  Research by the Assessment and Learning Research Synthesis Group has shown that the emphasis of formative assessment can help students to learn and be motivated to learn, whereas the use of summative assessment can have a negative impact on pupils motivation. Within the learning environment, norm and criterion referencing is also used. James (2002) suggests that Best practice in grading in higher education involves striking a balance between criterion-referencing and norm-referencing. A norm referenced test compares students achievements relative to other students achievements. This is often apparent with the General Certificate in Education (GCSE). Criterion referenced test does not compare student with student but requires the student to meet a certain set of criteria or targets to be seen as competent. This can be seen in National Vocational Qualifications (NVQ). Criterion referencing emphasizes the achievements of a student against a predetermined set of standards rather than comparison to another student. Criterion referencing can provide a tutor with the information of exactly what a student has learnt; therefore identify the abilities of that student. With this information, a student can then fill in any gaps of knowledge they may have missed. Whereas norm referencing can only show a tutor how one student has performed against another. When working with students with learning disabilities, I often rely on initial/diagnostic assessment to ensure I can provide the correct support for that student. Using formative assessment can also motivate my students, Most students with learning disabilities respond favorably too seeing their academic progress charted, and this can become†¦a very motivational tool. Bender, 2002, pg 116). Another area that we researched, through individual research and peer micro teach sessions were peer and self assessment. Petty (2008) believes that Self assessment encourages reflection and purposeful activity towards useful goals, as well as encouraging learners to become responsible for their own learning. Kolb (1984) proposed a four stage cycle of learning and within one of those stages was observation and reflection. This stage allows students to take a step back from the task in hand and review what they have done and the experience of it. Which then moves on to the abstract conceptualisation stage and allows students to plan how they might carry out the task differently. Whilst working with students with learning disabilities, I often use peer assessment. Behaviourist theory suggests that giving feedback whether positive or negative, will enable students to behave in a certain way. Skinner (1974) believed that a learner will repeat a desired behaviour if positive reinforcement follows. During a session with my students I often allow them to assess each others work, students are always almost honest and do not hold back their thoughts and feelings. This often motivates students to work harder or continue that particular behaviour due to the fact they get praise and can encourage self correction. On the other hand, when working with mainstream students, they may not always be honest when assessing each others, worrying in case they upset their peer or being bias because they have issues with the student they are assessing. Feedback and questioning can play an important role in assessing our students. There are many reasons why as a tutor we would use questions, but mainly it is to assess our students learning. Questioning allows us to check understanding and whether learning has taken place. It can also encourage participation within a classroom and allows us to draw on students experiences. Effective questioning is an assessment tool in which I use as a tutor of adults with learning disabilities, as many students cannot portray their ideas or thoughts on paper due to their lack of literacy skills. Using probing questions, either open or closed allows differentiation within my classroom and ensures an inclusive environment. Petty (2008) implies that questioning has a crucial advantage when considering student motivation in the classroom. Nothing motivates quite as much as the glow of satisfaction that a student gets when he or she answers a question correctly. (Petty, 2008, pg 183). Giving rewarding fe edback following this will encourage student learning and they have seen they can succeed. Feedback is a way of communicating information back to the student. We must ensure that when giving feedback to a student, it should be done in a positive manner which enhances, rather than damages their self-esteem. Negative feedback will often demotivate the student and make them feel as though they have failed. Internet site Brooks.ac.uk (2009) suggests that There is a school of thought that praise of a students work will lead to under-performance, whereas criticism will spur them on to greater achievements. There seems to be very little evidence that such a strategy is successful in achieving its goals. While there are dangers in becoming too blasà © about ones achievements, negative criticism can be highly de-motivating. However, it is necessary that as a tutor we must point out the shortcomings of a students work to ensure they meet the criteria set, it is the manner in which we do it to ensure progression. We as a teacher should †¦support the student in finding their own way of correcting problems, and should not do all the work for them. (Rogers, 2001). When giving feedback to my own student, it is essential that it is clear and specific and must not focus on too may aspects at the same time as this may confuse or upset the student. We must also ensure that feedback is delivered in a suitable area or environment so not to distress the student. A feedback session should also conclude with the student and tutor agreeing what should be done for the student to succeed. The final area that was to be researched was the types of assessment records that which would be needed to meet organisational and external requirements. It is important that as a tutor we keep records of our learners, both personal and how they are progressing. Initial assessment records are an essential tool as this would inform us of the students background and where the student expects the course to take him or her. Information received by these methods needs to be recorded in a way that the student, tutor, organisation and external bodies can access at any time. External bodies may need access for funding reasons. They can be stored in a portfolio for the student for ease of access by all concerned. An awarding body such as City and Guilds will monitor the teaching of a course and therefore teachers must keep records of what and how they are teaching, as well as formative and summative assessment records. This will allow a process called internal or external verification to take place to ensure quality teaching and learning is taking place. Formative assessment records will also allow teachers to fill in any gaps of knowledge that their students may have. Learning institutions will often be inspected by the Office for Standards in Education (Ofsted), this is to promote service improvement and ensure an inclusive educational environment for all students. The points which were researched, by group work, individual research and through peer micro teach sessions are areas that tutors need to be aware of and are imperative to successful teaching. As a tutor we need to be tuned in to a variety of issues to ensure that we meet the needs of all learners and organisations.

Babylon Revisted :: essays papers

Babylon Revisted This Story was intriguing to me for several reasons. Fitzgerald gradually unwinds the plot, posing new questions as he goes. Charlie seems to be someone who has experienced the best as well as the worst in life and it has made him a stronger person. However, his time revisiting Paris proves how one’s past can come back to haunt you. It seems this might be a fairly typical story in the era of the stock market boom and the infamous crash. In this story Fitzgerald slowly shows the past of the main character, Charlie. He is obviously well educated and has been wealth at some point. He speaks of collage and communicates with elegance. Charlie gradually comes to speak of times when he threw away large sums of money for no reason other than entertainment. At one point he speaks of being treated like royalty with the other Americans partying in Paris. A page before that he tells how he spoiled Paris for himself, that the days went by without his knowing. This shows the diversity that the character represents. The darker sides of Charlie’s life are presented through another character, Marion along with her husband Lincoln. These people are related to him by marriage only and have custody of his daughter. Marion reveals the extent of Charlie’s drinking and the problems that arose out of his marriage to her sister, Helen. Marion says that she questions Charlie’s character when he asks to take his daughter, Honoria, home with him. I find this interesting because at one point he also questions his own character saying â€Å" he wanted to jump back a whole generation and trust in character again as the eternally valuable element. Marion seems to blame Charlie for the death of her sister almost goes far enough to accuse him of being involved saying, â€Å"How much you were responsible for Helen’s death I don’t know.† The story takes a turn when Charlie has finally convinced Marion to allow Honoria to travel home with him. As they make the agreements Charlie’s old friends, representing his past, show up at the home of Marion and her family. When they leave Marion rushes out of the room. Her husband claims that shock makes her physically sick. I think that Fitzgerald is trying to make the notion here that Marion is in no better state than Charlie has ever been in.

Early Perspectives in Psychology Essay

Structuralism emphasized that the objective of psychology is to study the elements of consciousness and to learn how it operates and how it influences behavior (Eysenck, 1998). Structuralism focused more on the structure of consciousness and tried to identify the different experiences that each sensation and perception elicited. They believed that by breaking down the elements of each sensation, they would be able to gain a better understanding of human behavior. For example they tried to identify the different tastes that a person could experience, like salty, sour, sweet and bitter. By identifying the structure of the experience and of how a person perceives it, psychologists can identify the different behaviors that the individual may exhibit based on that experience, like when someone who eats something salty may make a grimace and then look for a drink. The method used by structuralists’ was introspection or the systematic observation of one’s experience. Structuralism was an attempt by psychology to become scientific; experiments were conducted to define the different elements of consciousness. Psychologists were trained to explore behavior by analyzing their own experience, introspectionism as a method was heavily criticized because it was a vague concept that did not lend itself to scientific replication. Moreover, it was difficult to learn and was subjective. Structuralism however provided a limited view of psychology and there arose a different perspective called behaviorism. Behaviorism posits that the goal of psychology is to examine behavior. Overt behavior as seen by behaviorists as the only human facet that can be objectively analyzed, how a person reacts or behaves towards a stimuli explains behavior (Zimbardo, Gerrig & Richard, 1999). Behaviorists believed that a person can be trained to exhibit a certain behaviory providing him/her with the right environment and learning. Although behaviorism gained popularity in the field of psychology, many criticized it as being too mechanistic and take the humanness out of the person. One of the appeal of behaviorism however was that it was very objective and treated mental processes as kind of a black box that should not be given due importance because it was not overtly possible. Behaviorists think that a person’s behavior is a reaction to the presenting stimuli. Behaviorism used the scientific method to study behavior; one of its most important contributions is the concept of classical and operant conditioning. It has been applied to a wide range of psychological fields like education, training and psychotherapy. Psychoanalysis was developed by Freud in the period when Behaviorism was at its height. Psychoanalysis as a psychological perspective says that man’s behavior is influenced by his experiences during childhood (Conlan, 1994). Psychoanalysis also believes that human behavior is greatly influenced by the unconscious part of the human mind. He likened the human mind to an iceberg wherein the tip was the part that was conscious. Psychoanalytic theory argues that an individual’s internal conflict is brought about by the repressed desires of the person. The method used by psychoanalysis is free association, wherein the person is asked to relate to the therapist what comes to mind, aside from free association, psychoanalysis also delved into dream analysis and hypnosis. The theory was criticized for giving too much importance to the unconscious and at that time, Freud offered a controversial perspective of human behavior which many did not understand, however it has become one of the most important theories in psychology and many theorists within this orientation developed. Psychoanalytic theory however lacked scientific credence as it was focused on personal thoughts, memories and interpretations of which differed from one theorist to another.

Poetry Explication Essay

Sir Walter Raleigh (1552-1618) was called a â€Å"silver poet of his time because of the way he did not conform to the poet writing style of the Renaissance era. He became fairly popular with Queen Elizabeth I and was knighted in 1585. But he fell out of her good graces when he secretly married ladies without her permission. The queen locked him in the Tower of London for some time, and while he was locked up he was writing poetry. He was ultimately arrested and executed in 1618 to appease the Spanish government for some ransacking that his men did on one of their voyages through America. His works are everything from plain to somber and that is one of the main things that made him a great poet. The Nymph’s Reply  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Nymph’s Reply to the Shepherd† by Sir Walter Raleigh has many themes and interpretations. The poem describes love and time, but the most important thing that I think it describes is â€Å"Carpe Diem† or seizing the day. The poem is a response to Christopher Marlowe’s â€Å"The Passionate Shepherd to His Love†. Marlowe’s poem describes a shepherd trying to win over the one he loves by promising her all of these earthly things, but Raleigh’s poem is the woman seemingly denying the shepherd’s advances and saying that all of the earthly things that he promised will all eventually pass away and be forgotten. The Nymph says that the only way we can be together is if youth lasted forever and their passionate love knew no time. I believe that the theme of this poem is carpe diem and the poetic elements that support that are alliteration, visual imagery, and situational irony. The first element that helps describes Carpe Diem is in the poem is alliteration. Raleigh’s use of alliteration really helps get his points across to the reader and helps the transactions be smoother. Like in the line, â€Å"These pretty pleasures might me move† (1224), Raleigh uses alliteration to almost mock the shepherd’s advances on the nymph. And also in the line, â€Å"Time drives the flocks from field to fold† (1224), Raleigh  uses alliteration to help to say that time changes everything. That is the reason why alliteration supports the theme of Carpe Diem. The only way the Nymph will accept the shepherd’s love is if they forever live in the present where they are young and passionate. The nymph does not want earthly things that will wither or sour throughout time, but rather she wants things to be eternal and stay fresh. These examples are a perfect form of Carpe Diem, and that is why alliteration helps get the main point across to the reader. The next poetic element that helps represent Carpe Diem in the poem is the imagery, more specifically the visual imagery. Raleigh uses imagery to help support Carpe Diem by showing the disadvantages of time. He shows the readers how moods change with the seasons, flowers will wither, and things grow old all through imagery. Like in the lines, â€Å"Thy cap, thy kirtle, and thy posies Soon break, soon wither, soon forgotten† (1224-1225), Raleigh helps the reader see the flowers withering through time. He even does so well as to put images in the reader’s mind of things fading away and being forgotten. When Raleigh uses imagery to diminish time he is also using it to uplift Carpe Diem at the same time. And that is how imagery helps support the theme of Carpe Diem. The final poetic element that helps support the theme of Carpe Diem is irony. And the specific irony used in the poem is situational irony. The sense of helplessness by the shepherd is apparent throughout the poem. The shepherd has to listen to the nymph deny all the things he promised her, and tell him that the only way that they can be together forever is if they can stay young forever. This is why it is situational irony because there is nothing the shepherd can do so that he and the nymph can live young forever. The best he can give her is Carpe Diem and try to live in the now while the passion is still fresh, but ultimately they could never be together forever. This sense of situational irony is why it is a perfect example of Carpe Diem. In conclusion the poem itself really displayed strong cultural values of its time period. It showed that during the time of romanticism Carpe Diem was a big thing back then. It was a great poem with many key points and I enjoyed  reading it.