Essay on Analysis and Synthesis of Prior Research

Analysis and Synthesis of Prior Research Analysis and Synthesis of Prior Research The companies that efficiently solve their projects issues and portfolio concerns will differentiate themselves from their competition. The projects that companies work to complete with the many different project methodologies demonstrate where the business is now, and the portfolio of projects of the organization demonstrate where the organization is headed. To effectively manage the tremendous number of projects that leaders face today in their organizations, they look to methods and processes that aid them in effectively managing a group of projects. The method used to help in this endeavor is Portfolio Project Management (PPM). Portfolio Management†¦show more content†¦Portfolio board managers or project managers that have the responsibility of leading an organization to their intended goals and objectives must perform an analysis of the current state or performance of the organization, an analysis of the gaps between the current state and the intended state while making the necessary adjustments and corrective actions (Morris Pinto, 2007). Project Portfolio According to Morris and Pinto (2007) a project portfolio is comprised of a group of projects that are supervised and managed based on the sponsorship of a particular department within the company. The different projects within a portfolio will compete for scarce resources such as labor, finances, and time. At the very top of a project-based organization is portfolio management, which contains all of the projects within the organization. Those organizational projects are prioritized, based on strategic global initiatives and business objectives. They are different from projects assigned to project managers, as they must be aligned with strategic initiatives. Because projects support several business objectives across many different lines of business within the organization, oftentimes these projects are interrelated and are strategic. Portfolio managementShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Protein Degradation783 Words   |  4 Pagesthrough the ubiquitin-protease system (UPS) and the consolidation and reconsolidation of long-term fear memories. This research was necessary because, while research had been done linking protein degradation to synaptic plasticity, no study had been performed to analyze the role of UPS in the amygdala, where long-term fear memories are believed to be stored. 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Financial Ratios of Toyota Company Statistics Project

Essays on Financial Ratios of Toyota Company Statistics Project The paper â€Å"Financial Ratios of Toyota Company" is an informative example of a statistic project on finance accounting. The returns on Toyota shareholders' funds decreased from 4.12% to 1.92 % from the year 2009 to 2010. It means that shareholders were experiencing loss or decrease in the interest they had in the Company.Liquidity/ Solvency RatiosWorking Capital (or Current) RatioComponent20092010Current Assets112989291.07: 1130736041.22:1Current Liabilities10589293  10686214  In order for a company to able to cover its short term liabilities, it requires necessarily have a current ratio of 1:1 (Penwell 1994). Thus, during the years 2009 and 2010, Toyota had enough liquid assets to cover short term obligations; 1.07:1 and 1.2:1 respectively.Quick Asset (or Acid Test) RatioComponent20092010Current Assets-Inventory(11298929-1459394)0.93:1(13073604-1422373)1.09:1Current Liabilities10589293  10686214  In the year 2009, it seems that Toyota had a slightly less liquid resourc e to meet its short term obligations compared to the year 2010. However, this is risky for the business, because in the short term all the available liquid assets may become depleted and thus the company may not be able to meet its obligations.Asset Efficiency RatiosStock TurnoverComponent20092010Cost of salesClosing stock17468416145939411.97 times per annum15971496142237311.23 times per annum  Days in year36530 days36533 daysStock turn11.97  11.23  There was no much big difference in the years 2009 and 2010 for Toyota in terms of a number of times it sold out its stock.Debtors TurnoverComponent20092010Credit salesClosing trade creditors19173720139274913.77 times per annum1772472918862739.40 times per annum  Days in year36526.5 days36539 daysStock turn13.77  9.40  In the year 2010, the number of days that the debtors took in order to clear their debts increased for 27 days in the year 2009 to 39 days. That means the overall cash the company received was less compared to what its customers owed the company.Creditors Payment PeriodComponent20092010Cost of salesClosing trade creditors17468416129945513.44 times per annum1597149619565058.16 times per annum  Days in year36527 days36545 daysStock turn13.44  8.16  In the year 2010, Toyota took longer than usual to pay its suppliers and this worked to its advantage in that it was more predisposed at using creditors’ money to generate income.Working Capital Operating Cycle  2009  20102003Stock takes30days to sell after it has been manufactured, then33Debtors take27days to pay, meaning that39  57days will have elapsed before any cash arrives72but Creditors are paid in(27)days, which means that the business has to finance(45)  30days of activity from cash reserves or overdraft27The working capital management policy of Toyota improved in the year 2010 and this is favorable in that the number of days required being financed from cash reserves reduced for 30 in 2009 to 27 in 2010.Asset Turnov erComponent20092010Revenue17178790.093 times2094560.012 timesTotal capital employed(29062037-10589293)  (30349287-10686214)  In the year 2010, the management of Toyota became inefficient in managing the assets of the company. Asset turnover decreased to 0.012 up from 0.093.Capital Structure RatiosGearing RatioComponent20092010Loans and borrowings(10589293 +7872007)x10099.94%(10686214+8732630)x 10098.76%Total capital employed(29062037-10589293)  (30349287-10686214)  The gearing ration of Toyota in the years 2009 and 2010 was extremely high meaning that it had a large number of loans compared to its own equity. This is however tolerable for a company in the auto industry as it requires a huge capital investment which ultimately implies the potential to make huge profits.Fixed Interest CoverComponent200820092010Operating profit227037549 times(461011)(9.83) times1475164.42 timesInterest payable on borrowings46113  46882  33409  In the year 2008, Toyota had sufficient opera ting profit to cover the interest it was supposed to pay on loans and other borrowings. However, in the years 2009 and 2010, the reduced significantly to less than 0 and 4.42 respectively hence it incurred a lot of loss in paying for loan interest.Investor’s RatiosDividend per Share (DPS)DPS = Earnings Distributed to Shareholders/Number of SharesThis is given in the consolidated income statement: for the years 2008, 2009 and 2010 DPS amounted to  ¥ 140,  ¥ 100, and  ¥ 45 respectively.An increase in dividend per share implies an increased value of shareholders' wealth in a company. For Toyota DPS decreased sharply for the years 2008, 2009, and 2010. This can be attributed to decreased unit sales as a result of vehicle recalls in the years 20009 and 2010.Market Price Per Share (MPS)MPS = value of common stock/ Number of shares issued

Finding papes is tough Essay Example For Students

Finding papes is tough Essay Ok so you all must know that to enter into oppapers yo must have a paper. which is the stupidest thin ever. I dont know how long I have tomake this so i will just keep going. makes sense right? SO hopefully by now I will be able to find a paper for this stupid class I am taking. Becky is going to bed now we will see her in awhile I guess. well hopefully I will get ome mail and find this paper I need or I might fail the class and that just would not be any good. So it was fun but I will talk to you later. Ok so just found out my paper has to be two-hundred and fifty words o more or else they wont take it. I cant wait until school is over with so I dont have to go through this any more. Then maybe by next year I will be alot smarter. I think I am almost t the limit just a little more writing and I will be there. By the way did I mention I was hungry cause I am. If im typing this garbage I cant eat. Lets hope that all of this work I have done pays of. And im not yet there yet so I like all types of music. I just want to get my home work done so then I can just go to bed. No though this site decided that you have to submit a paper before you can get one. I hope i amnot doing thi for nothing because then I would have jut wasted abot fifteen minutes of my time.Words/ Pages : 280 / 24

Malthusian theory of population free essay sample

Thomas Malthus Theory of Population that was proposed more than two centuries ago, foretold the problems of food shortage that the world is facing today, due to uncontrolled increase in population. Thomas Robert Malthus was a British economist and a demographer, whose famous Theory of Population highlighted the potential dangers of overpopulation. Malthus put forth his ideas in six editions of his famous treatise An Essay on the Principle of Population. His thinking took shape under the influence of the optimistic ideas of his father and his friends especially Rousseau, for future improvement of the society. In the first edition of his treatise, Malthus put forth his views that opposed the belief of scholars like Marquis de Condorcet and William Godwin who were optimistic about population growth in England. During the Industrial Revolution, England experienced a steep increase in its population. In his book The Enquirer, William Godwin promoted population growth as a means for human beings to attain equality. We will write a custom essay sample on Malthusian theory of population or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page According to him, an increased population would create more wealth that would provide food for the whole humanity. Scholars of such school of thought believed that, both man and society could be made perfect. In contrast to this viewpoint, Malthus interpreted overpopulation as an evil that would reduce the amount of food available per person. The Theory: In his famous treatise An Essay on the Principles of Population, Malthus stated that, the populations of the world would increase in geometric proportions while the food resources available for them would increase only in arithmetic proportions. In simple words, if human population was allowed to increase in an uncontrolled way, then the number of people would increase at a faster rate than the food supply. A point would come when human population would reach the limit up to which food sources could not support it. Any further increase would lead to population crash caused by natural phenomena like famine or disease. According to him, human society could never be perfected. He believed that man is a lazy animal, who would lead a satisfied life and procreate as long as his family was well fed. However, as soon as human population would feel constraints in food supply due to increase in population, he would again work hard to provide enough for his family. This might lead to an increase in agricultural production to provide for all, but at the same time man would be back to his complacent stage, where all his needs would be fulfilled. This would start the cycle of overpopulation and food shortage, all over again. Having been a clergy, Malthus validated his theory on moral grounds that suffering was a way of making human beings realize the virtues of hard work and moral behavior. Such kind of suffering due to overpopulation and limited food supply was inevitable. Assumptions: Malthus took into account two main assumptions: †¢Food is an essential component for human existence. †¢Humans have the basic urge to multiply. Explanation: Malthus theory was based on the assumption that the power of population to multiply is much greater than the power of the earth to provide subsistence for man. In his own words passion between the sexes is an inevitable phenomenon, hence, when unchecked, population would grow at such a high rate that it would outstrip food supply. According to him, disease, food shortage and death due to starvation, were natures way to control population. He proposed that human beings adopt measures like infanticide, abortion, delay in marriage and strict following of celibacy to check population growth. Relation between Population, Wages and Inflation: Malthus described the whole scenario as a vicious cycle of population growth and its effects. He proposed that the boom in population will result into excess of labor force ready to work at the available wage rate, giving them the income to buy food for their family. This will lead to an increase in the overall demand for food outstripping its supply. Hence, the prices will rise and inflation will set in. This inflationary pressure will worsen the situation of the already distressed poor section of the society leaving the riches unaffected. The poor will work more to improve their situation and will also consider reducing the population growth so that they have less mouths to feed. However, this will only last till the population equals the food supply and the inflation ceases; after which, overall standard of living will rise and so will the population explosion reaching the same point, hence called the vicious cycle. Proposed Solutions: In his first edition of the essay, Malthus proposed two main solutions to the problem of population explosion, namely: †¢Positive Check This method results in increase in death rate. He described this as Gods way of restoring the Natural Order. It includes famines, hunger, epidemics, war and other natural miseries which cause large-scale deaths. Although it helps in controlling the population growth, it brings with it widespread misery and pain. Hence, it is not regarded as an ideal solution to population problem. †¢Preventive or Negative Check This method refers to human effort in reducing the birth rate. It is more practically and logically applicable. Abortion, prostitution, postponement of marriage, birth control and celibacy are few measures that were advised to be strictly followed in order to help solve the problem. In his second edition of the same essay, Malthus laid more emphasis on: Moral Restraint: This is regarded as a universally applicable solution keeping up with the ideologies of virtue, economic gain and social improvement. According to this principle, one should refrain from marriage till the time he is capable of supporting a family with food, clothing and shelter. Until then he should follow strict celibacy. In the words of Geoffrey Gilbert, He (Malthus) went so far as to claim that moral restraint on a wide scale was the best means indeed, the only means of easing the poverty of the lower classes. Impact: Malthus theory had great influence on both Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace, who are the co-founders of the modern evolutionary theory. In his own words Darwin acknowledged, that he was already aware of the struggle for existence among different species of plants and animals. However, it was only after he read Malthus work, he realized that animals in their struggle to survive retained the favorable features that would help them adjust to the environment, and lost those that were of no use to them. Thus, the Theory of Natural Selection was born. By the end of the 19th Century, when living standards improved and birth rates dropped in the Western countries, concerns of overpopulation became irrelevant. However, in underdeveloped countries which have agrarian economies, Malthus theory often finds credibility. Criticism: Some critics like Karl Marx, argued that Malthus failed to recognize the potential of human population to increase food supply. He is accused by many to have failed to comprehend mans ability to use science and technology to increase food supply to meet the needs of an increasing population. Thinkers from the field of social sciences have criticized Malthus for his belief that the human society could never be made perfect. He opposed all political, social and economic reforms that did not aim at controlling birth rate. His own methods of checking population growth were criticized for being impractical. Malthus was opposed to the Poor Laws popular in England, which provided relief to the people who qualified as poor under the laws. According to him, such charity would provide only short-term relief to them and let the poor remain in their state of financial distress. This thought of Malthus was viewed as misanthropic. From his writings, some have interpreted Malthus as a rigid and pessimistic individual. However, he is also viewed by some as a pragmatic thinker, who put a check on the unbridled enthusiasm of some who viewed increase in population as a means of progress.