A Comparative Study on High School Students Between the United States and China Essay

With the development of global economy, the competition in education is becoming an important part of the international competitions. Students all over the world are competing with not only the students in their country but the students in the world. To some degrees, the future competitiveness of a country relies on how great their students are. As for students, their high school time is the critical period in their life, when they form their outlook on life and find out what they want to do in the future. High school students in both the United States and China have huge differences in their school life. First, curriculum. Students in American high school are required to take Science, Mathematics, English, Social sciences, Physical education and other electives such as Computers, Foreign language etc. Nearly 40 percent of U.S. high school students do not take any science class more challenging than general biology. And 55 percent of students do not take any math courses beyond two y ears of algebra and one year of geometry. While in China, the academic curriculum consists of Chinese, Mathematics, English, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Geography, History, etc. The requirement to Chinese students in Mathematics & Science is considered to be quite high. Second, time on studying. According to the research conveyed by BPP production team, American students spend 302,400 minutes in school during their high school time for 4 years while Chinese students spend 583,200 minutes. If adding that to the time spent doing homework and studying after school, by the end of the high school, Chinese students have spent twice as many hours studying as American students. But even though Chinese students spend more time studying, it seems that their homework can never be finished. Thus, Chinese students try their best to enhance their learning efficiency in order to squeeze more time. However, it doesn’t mean that American children don’t work hard. The core of the difference is the distribution of time. American students devote their time to playing sports, doing part-time jobs, and even dating with others, which make them energetic and social. From this aspect, the education system of American high school is more flexible than Chinese since it encourages student s to develop comprehensively and get close to the society. Third, expectation of  parents. In China, parents think highly of the education for their children. They tend to choose roads for their children to follow and make critical decisions for them, like which college to enter, or which major to learn. Especially for the top students, parents usually pay for several kinds of lessons as part of their investment in their education in order to open up a lead in the competition for their children. But American parents seem more relaxed. The percentage of parents who think their child’s high school is teaching the right amount of Math and Science is 70%. American parents have ideas about the future of their children but seldom make decisions for them. So Chinese students face with more pressure from parents. Different education styles result in different students. American students score highly in one area relative to their international peers: self-confidence. They worship freedom and balance work and relaxation well, leading them be optimistic about the future. On the contrary, Chinese students in high school own much academic knowledge so that they do better in examinations. But it cannot make a conclusion hastily that whether high school in both China and U.S,A is good or not because the education system is based on the economic situation of China and America. To make an end, to improve the competitiveness of a country, it is necessary to compare the education system to that in other countries, find out advantages and disadvantages and make some changes to cultivate talents. References: Net 1 BPP production team. ä ¸ ¤Ã§â„¢ ¾Ã¤ ¸â€¡Ã¥Ë†â€ Ã©â€™Å¸Ã¨â‚¬Æ'Ã¥ ¯Å¸Ã¤ ¸ ­Ã§ ¾Å½Ã¥  °Ã¦â€¢â„¢Ã¨â€š ²Ã¥ · ®Ã¥ ¼â€š. [DB/OL] http://video.sina.com.cn/v/b/83732476-2036021381.html, 2012-08-17 Net 2 Wikipedia. Education in the People’s Republic of China. [EB/OL] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_the_People’s_Republic_of_China#Secondary_education, 2013-06-13 Net 3 Wikipedia. Education in the United States. [EB/OL] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States#Secondary_education, 2013-06-13

Communication and Personality in Negotiation

Over the years, negotiation has been a tactic used for different situations whether personal or professional. In theory, negotiation concepts and terms have been used to understand and analyze the purpose of negotiation by evaluating different characteristics. To better understand the concept of negotiation, the roles of communication and personality in negotiation and how they contributed to or detracted from the negotiation is analyzed. For example, a scenario is used further into this paper demonstrating these roles in the area of sales, using the different processes of negotiation in a win- win situation. In the process of negotiation, two parties usually resolve a situation using the process of perception to connect in their surrounding environment. However, negotiation is the bargaining between two parties who are trying to attain or win a situation, utilizing the key concepts of managing interdependence, engaging in mutual adjustment, creating value, and managing a conflict. Although these key concepts are the stepping stone in the function to negotiate, communication and personality roles in negotiation usually determines the different areas of communication and personality that analyzes different non verbal communication levels, communication channels, listening, and the five big personality factors in negotiation. Thus conflict also plays an important role where decisions and goals are perceived. The communication role. In the role of communication, the acceptable functions of questioning, active listening, positive eye contact and body language, and non polarizing language usually encodes and decodes messages that are been carried from one party to another which then results in a positive or negative feedback. Hence, the function of questioning in negotiation is used by an arguing party when they are trying to find out the sole purpose of the other parties goal in order to reach an understanding. This function questioning, is communicated through eye contact when a question is been asked, head nods to reveal understanding, and gestures to demonstrate the question. Also, questioning can take place face to face, on the phone or even through e-mail. These levels of communication described may be known as non verbal or different communication channels used in many functions of negotiation. On the other hand, active listening is perceived when a receiver in the arguing party restates or paraphrases the sender’s message in their own language (S. B. Lewicki , 2005). Positive eye contact and body language, and non polarizing language illustrate the negotiators’ feelings, reactions or thoughts for interpretation. The personality role An individual’s personality evaluates factors of that individual when in negotiation. A person who is in a negotiation may attain the factors of extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and emotional stability. A person who has the personality trait of being extroversion is more relaxed and very confident, but needs stimulation to express emotions (extraversion, 2002). Agreeableness as a personality is one trait that comes out when both parties can agree on the similarities of a situation to close their bargaining. Conscientiousness displays emotion at its best when an individual is trying to get over on someone, but does not care because they are the one who will come out on top at the end of the situation. Moreover, emotional stability can be described as an individual who keeps a poker face in any situation. This personality trait is perceived by others as power. Conflict. Conflict in negotiation usually arises when two parties are negotiating for different goals. There are four levels of conflict; intrapersonal conflict that happens within a person, interpersonal that happens between two individuals, intergroup happens within a group, and intergroup that happens between groups. On a whole, conflict is what leads to negotiation in regard to solving a problem for a win-win situation. Scenario As mentioned in the above, negotiation has been a tactic used for different situations whether personal or professional. In this scenario, a sales representative at ADT security Systems was contacting a previous ADT customer who has an inactive alarm in their home. In addition, when the customer was contacted, the sales rep asked the customer if they wanted to be reactivated for free as a part of a special promotion that ADT was offering. As a result, the customer was very perceptive because of constant bad experiences with ADT as a security service provider. This customer’s bad experience was based on equipment not working, alarm keep on going off when there wasn’t anyone breaking in, and having low battery all the time. Because of these poor happenings, the customer went to the competition of ADT which is brinks as a security service provider. Furthermore, the customer told the sales representative that he would go back to ADT if he could get a credit towards a new alarm system or a lower monthly than what he is currently paying with brinks. The customer pays $25. 99 with brinks based on just monitoring. Being in sales, the sales representative asked the customer if maintenance was included in the monitoring charge (maintenance is an extra charge for malfunctions of systems where the company comes out and fix for free) the customer said no. In contrast, the sales representative told the customer that she can offer him a monthly plan that includes maintenance and an extra two months free. The customer began thinking because he had never had that offer with brinks, but he was also persistent because the monthly was $8. 00 dollars higher than brinks. On a negotiated aspect, the customer started declining, saying that was not enough and wanted more, so the sales representative began offering him free equipment in exchange for him paying the monthly that she was offering. Thinking is what the customer was doing, he eventually caved to the sales representative terms, got his free equipments, and the sales rep got her sale at a higher monthly than what the customer was paying for brinks. By contrast, this situation was a win-win situation for both the customer and the sales representative at ADT security systems. Negotiation occurs when there are conflicts to be resolved. These conflicts may arise when two parties cannot agree or when two parties needs to resolve a problem. The process of negotiation has been used for many years covering the areas of sales or contracts. Some negotiations are of win-win situations and some or not, depending on the dilemma. Is it necessary to negotiate? Yes it is. Why? Negotiation brings out characteristics in situations to decode messages that are perceived the wrong or right way. Negotiation is the tool of effectiveness to get the problem solved efficiently. References S. B . Lewicki , 2005. Negotiation chapter 5, the McGraw Hill companies 2005. Retrieved on September 30th, 2009, from https://ecampus. phoenix. edu/content/eBookLibrary2/content/DownloadList. aspx? assetMetaId=9ef17708-1ddf-4b07-b135-33c10b621f8e&assetDataId=42d4c19a-d69c-4c0c-99ad-e443574b3e01 Extraversion, 2002. Extraversion. Retrieved on September 30th, 2009, from http://changingminds. org/explanations/preferences/extravert_introvert. htm

The African American Struggle During The United States Essay

The African American Struggle in the United States Before the civil rights movement in America, many writers that grew up during times of oppression and racial discrimination began to speak out about the problems African Americans faced. Wilson, Hughes, and Hansberry explore the themes of racism and the American dream in their works to reveal the situation for black Americans in the United States during the time period after World War II. The American dream is the idea that every person should have the chance to be successful in the United States. People from all over flocked to the US in hopes of achieving this American dream that everyone talked about; however, things were not quite as expected when they got here. The whole idea was gilded, so to speak. From the outside, everything looked perfect, but once these people settled down in America, they soon realized that it was not everything it had been made out to be. Another huge movement of people in America was the Great Migration. In both Fences and A Raisin in the Sun, the older generations â€Å"participates in the Great Migration to escape peonage, Jim Crow, and the South’s racist terrorism in the hope of securing a better life in the North† (Hannah 158). It was a period that lasted for several decades when black Americans living in the south migrated to the North and West in hopes of escaping slavery and poverty in the south. They traveled to major cities such as New York and Chicago trying to land jobs in factories.Show MoreRelatedThe Role Of Civil Disobedience And The Civil Rights Movement1503 Words   |  7 PagesProtests have long been an essential part of American life, employed to to draw attention to critical issues,events, and injustices. Ranging from peaceful marches to powerful acts of civil disobedience, not only in the United States but in Central American countries such as Nicaragua. This being said, civil protests and peaceful demonstrations were not necessarily more successful in exuding change than pieces of legislation bu t moreso acted as a catalyst for social change, leading towards legislationRead MoreChanges Brewing For African American History1708 Words   |  7 PagesChanges Brewing for African Americans in 1950s Determined to write a play about African American experience in the United States for every decade during the 20th century, Wilson has written many plays representing each of these decades. Fences is one of such plays about African American in the 1950 s. It began in 1957 and ended in 1965; however, the 1950s marks the time period when the struggle against segregation and racial discrimination became strong in the mainstream of American life, showing thatRead MoreNew Negro Essay984 Words   |  4 PagesThe abolition of slavery in the United States presented southern African Americans with many new opportunities, including the option of relocation in search of better living conditions. The mass movement of black people from the rural areas of the South to the cities of the North, known as the Black Migration, came in the 1890s when black men and women left the south to settle in cities such as Philadelphia and New York, fleeing from the rise of Jim Crowe Laws and searching for work. This migrationRead MoreThe Struggle For African American Liberation1242 Words   |  5 Pagesthe early 1960s, when both men entered the struggle for African American liberation, it were the factors that set them apart that shaped both their outlook and the way they contributed to fight for Black empowerment. While Malcolm rose to fame by means of fierce attacks on Whites, Carmichael participated in non-violent workshops to prepare himself for his participation in the Freedom Rides. The first time Stokely encountered Malcolm X in person was during an event at Howard University in 1961, whereRead MoreEssay on The Civil Rights Movement1708 Words   |  7 Pagesof grassroots activists and national leaders to obtain for African Americans the basic rights guaranteed to American citizens in the Constitution. The key players in succeeding with the civil rights movement were the soldiers returning from the war, Martin Luther King Jr, Malcolm X, The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Comm ittee (SNCC), and the anti-Vietnam War activists. During the civil rights movement, nearly every African American had experienced segregation at lunch stands. In a JournalRead MoreFreedom And African American History Essay1680 Words   |  7 PagesFreedom And African American History 1 XIN LI The United States is a immigrant country, which faces varieties of problems. The African American problem is one of the most serious one. Racial segregation is a deep-rooted social problem, which reflects in every field in the United States. For example, education, labor market and criminal justice system. In the aspect of educationRead MoreThe Black Power Movement Of African Americans1605 Words   |  7 Pagesin the United States of America. Oppression can happen to people of all races, ethnicities, and sexual orientations. The black power movement cannot be placed into a box of confinement, it much more that one movement. Since the 1960s there have been many things like small protests and movements that have contributed to the black power movement over time. There have been African Americans and other people from all over the world that have disagreed with the injustice that African Americans have facedRead MoreThe Nile River Essay1578 Words   |  7 Pages Despite the large size of the African continent and the many geographical factors that encompass it, there is seemingly one stream of water that virtually everyone in the world knows, the Nile River. What most do not know is that the Nile originates from two separate locations, with two major tributaries. The tributary in the east, the Blue Nile, begins from Lake Tana in Ethiopia and the tributary in the west, the White Nile, begins in Uganda. Both travel hundreds of miles until they reach theirRead MoreThe Freedom Of Struggles By Adriane Lentz Smith1250 Words   |  5 Pageswrote the book called the Freedom of Struggles, Who is an associate Professor of History at Duke University. Adriane had studied history and African American studies. She was successful in everything Adriane did, she had many goals to achieve. One of the goals were to get across one point about how war world 1 and African Americans goes to Europe with American expeditionary forces in World War 1. How the stor y was a critical movement in the book â€Å"freedom of struggles†. Adriane was an aggressive andRead MoreFrederick Douglass : African American Freedom Struggle888 Words   |  4 PagesFrederick Douglass became a vital figure for the African American freedom struggle during the 1860’s with the help of the abolitionist movement. Before becoming a famous spokesman Douglass was just like every other African American slave, attempting to find a way to freedom. Douglass’ runaway slave status quickly changed when abolitionist bought his freedom in hopes to strengthen the abolitionist movement. Since abolitionists were able to recognize Douglass’ intellectual abilities it made him a key

Essay on Analysis and Synthesis of Prior Research

Analysis and Synthesis of Prior Research Analysis and Synthesis of Prior Research The companies that efficiently solve their projects issues and portfolio concerns will differentiate themselves from their competition. The projects that companies work to complete with the many different project methodologies demonstrate where the business is now, and the portfolio of projects of the organization demonstrate where the organization is headed. To effectively manage the tremendous number of projects that leaders face today in their organizations, they look to methods and processes that aid them in effectively managing a group of projects. The method used to help in this endeavor is Portfolio Project Management (PPM). Portfolio Management†¦show more content†¦Portfolio board managers or project managers that have the responsibility of leading an organization to their intended goals and objectives must perform an analysis of the current state or performance of the organization, an analysis of the gaps between the current state and the intended state while making the necessary adjustments and corrective actions (Morris Pinto, 2007). Project Portfolio According to Morris and Pinto (2007) a project portfolio is comprised of a group of projects that are supervised and managed based on the sponsorship of a particular department within the company. The different projects within a portfolio will compete for scarce resources such as labor, finances, and time. At the very top of a project-based organization is portfolio management, which contains all of the projects within the organization. Those organizational projects are prioritized, based on strategic global initiatives and business objectives. They are different from projects assigned to project managers, as they must be aligned with strategic initiatives. Because projects support several business objectives across many different lines of business within the organization, oftentimes these projects are interrelated and are strategic. Portfolio managementShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Protein Degradation783 Words   |  4 Pagesthrough the ubiquitin-protease system (UPS) and the consolidation and reconsolidation of long-term fear memories. This research was necessary because, while research had been done linking protein degradation to synaptic plasticity, no study had been performed to analyze the role of UPS in the amygdala, where long-term fear memories are believed to be stored. Additionally, prior research had led to conflicting reports of the importance of protein degradation in consolidation as opposed to reconsolidationRead MoreNur504 Week 5 Collaborative Learning Community: Ebp Literature Latest592 Words   |  3 PagesLiterature Latest Click Link Below To Buy: http://hwcampus.com/shop/nur504-week-5-clc-ebp-literature-latest/ This is a CLC assignment. Follow the instructions provided in CLC Assignment: Evidence-Based Project (EBP). Utilize the Synthesis Table, Table of Evidence and EBA Project Evaluation Tool to complete your CLC assignment. Submit these documents for this weeks CLC assignment. While APA format is not required for the body of this assignment, solid academic writing is expectedRead MoreNursing Reflection Paper1010 Words   |  5 Pagesdevelopment and implementation of research. Three personal goals will be described using the Bloom’s Taxonomy of Learning. The positivist and constructivist paradigms will be discussed along with my personal worldview. My personal beliefs regarding the graduate nurse’s involvement with Evidence Based Practice (EBP) and opinion on why it is important for nurses to be involved in research. Finally, I will discuss my comfort level on initiating or working on research. Program of Study Nursing andRead MoreRestraints Review Of Qualitative And Quantitative Studies1517 Words   |  7 PagesRestraints Review of Qualitative and Quantitative studies The purpose of this paper is to critique the research article, Mohler Meyer’s â€Å"Attitude of nurses towards the use of restraints in geriatric care: A systemic review of qualitative and quantitative study 2014. The incident I am going to discuss in this paper is of Mr. P., an 85-year-old man, admitted to this facility about 4 months ago. His history includes coronary heart disease, cataract, dementia, hypertension, macular degeneration andRead MoreUnique Amino Acid Requirements in Endurance Athletes1529 Words   |  6 PagesKnowledge gap There is ongoing research in the field of sports nutrition that focus on proteins and specific amino acid pathways and how they relate to muscle synthesis and degradation. Research on resistance training and amino acids is quite thorough but is lacking in regards to endurance exercise and amino acids. High-intensity endurance training is important to improve the physical performance of athletes and requires amino acids as an energy substrate. Because high amounts of energy are requiredRead MorePersonal Statement Of Purpose For Healthcare1198 Words   |  5 Pagesrecommendations that would reduce the spread of diseases, especially in areas of those with limited finances to cover treatments. To gain knowledge of the healthcare industry, I assumed a role as a customer service representative for United Healthcare prior to attending college. And, this experience affirmed my decision for a career in healthcare. However, it was my extra-curricular activities that led me to health administration. I assumed executive roles in several clubs and organizations which honedRead MoreReflective Assessment On Learning Theory Essay1361 Words   |  6 Pagesfrom prior knowledge. Teachers’ responsibility is no longer to lecture while students memorize and regurgitate information; instead, the emphasis is now on the students to take control of their learning. My primary focus as an educator using the constructivist approach is to create meaningful connections within the classroom using students’ background knowledge. I can utilize students’ prior knowledge to create higher order thinking questions using Bloom’s Taxonomy. Analysis, Synthesis, andRead MoreMy Interest Of Healthcare1219 Words   |  5 Pagesrecommendations that would reduce the spread of diseases, especially in areas of those that had limited finances to cover treatments. To gain knowledge about the healthca re industry, I assumed a role as customer service representative for United Healthcare prior to attending college, which affirmed my decision for a career in healthcare. Nonetheless, it was my extra-curricular activities that led me to health administration. I assumed executive roles in several clubs and organizations which honed my leadershipRead MoreEscherichia Cli and Bacillus Subtilis648 Words   |  3 Pagesthreatened by the presence of agents that cause DNA damage which enhance the bacterium’s ability to repair DNA and inhibit cell division,[26]. The stringent response, in the face of nutrient limitation, decreases protein synthesis and stimulates amino acid biosynthesis when protein synthesis substrates are scarce,[27-28]. Heat shock factors are expressed at raised temperatures that break down and restructure denatured proteins and also restore alterations to chromosomal topology that occur as a resultRead MoreSystematic Review Paper981 Words   |  4 Pagescolorectal cancer, be filled. Thus, this study will focus on performing a systematic review and meta-analysis using collective data to identify and underline multiple miRNA target s, with regards to disease prognosis in stage II colorectal cancer patients. Methods and analysis: The Systematic review will be reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, 2015 statement. The required articles will be obtained via a search of bibliographical

Financial Ratios of Toyota Company Statistics Project

Essays on Financial Ratios of Toyota Company Statistics Project The paper â€Å"Financial Ratios of Toyota Company" is an informative example of a statistic project on finance accounting. The returns on Toyota shareholders' funds decreased from 4.12% to 1.92 % from the year 2009 to 2010. It means that shareholders were experiencing loss or decrease in the interest they had in the Company.Liquidity/ Solvency RatiosWorking Capital (or Current) RatioComponent20092010Current Assets112989291.07: 1130736041.22:1Current Liabilities10589293  10686214  In order for a company to able to cover its short term liabilities, it requires necessarily have a current ratio of 1:1 (Penwell 1994). Thus, during the years 2009 and 2010, Toyota had enough liquid assets to cover short term obligations; 1.07:1 and 1.2:1 respectively.Quick Asset (or Acid Test) RatioComponent20092010Current Assets-Inventory(11298929-1459394)0.93:1(13073604-1422373)1.09:1Current Liabilities10589293  10686214  In the year 2009, it seems that Toyota had a slightly less liquid resourc e to meet its short term obligations compared to the year 2010. However, this is risky for the business, because in the short term all the available liquid assets may become depleted and thus the company may not be able to meet its obligations.Asset Efficiency RatiosStock TurnoverComponent20092010Cost of salesClosing stock17468416145939411.97 times per annum15971496142237311.23 times per annum  Days in year36530 days36533 daysStock turn11.97  11.23  There was no much big difference in the years 2009 and 2010 for Toyota in terms of a number of times it sold out its stock.Debtors TurnoverComponent20092010Credit salesClosing trade creditors19173720139274913.77 times per annum1772472918862739.40 times per annum  Days in year36526.5 days36539 daysStock turn13.77  9.40  In the year 2010, the number of days that the debtors took in order to clear their debts increased for 27 days in the year 2009 to 39 days. That means the overall cash the company received was less compared to what its customers owed the company.Creditors Payment PeriodComponent20092010Cost of salesClosing trade creditors17468416129945513.44 times per annum1597149619565058.16 times per annum  Days in year36527 days36545 daysStock turn13.44  8.16  In the year 2010, Toyota took longer than usual to pay its suppliers and this worked to its advantage in that it was more predisposed at using creditors’ money to generate income.Working Capital Operating Cycle  2009  20102003Stock takes30days to sell after it has been manufactured, then33Debtors take27days to pay, meaning that39  57days will have elapsed before any cash arrives72but Creditors are paid in(27)days, which means that the business has to finance(45)  30days of activity from cash reserves or overdraft27The working capital management policy of Toyota improved in the year 2010 and this is favorable in that the number of days required being financed from cash reserves reduced for 30 in 2009 to 27 in 2010.Asset Turnov erComponent20092010Revenue17178790.093 times2094560.012 timesTotal capital employed(29062037-10589293)  (30349287-10686214)  In the year 2010, the management of Toyota became inefficient in managing the assets of the company. Asset turnover decreased to 0.012 up from 0.093.Capital Structure RatiosGearing RatioComponent20092010Loans and borrowings(10589293 +7872007)x10099.94%(10686214+8732630)x 10098.76%Total capital employed(29062037-10589293)  (30349287-10686214)  The gearing ration of Toyota in the years 2009 and 2010 was extremely high meaning that it had a large number of loans compared to its own equity. This is however tolerable for a company in the auto industry as it requires a huge capital investment which ultimately implies the potential to make huge profits.Fixed Interest CoverComponent200820092010Operating profit227037549 times(461011)(9.83) times1475164.42 timesInterest payable on borrowings46113  46882  33409  In the year 2008, Toyota had sufficient opera ting profit to cover the interest it was supposed to pay on loans and other borrowings. However, in the years 2009 and 2010, the reduced significantly to less than 0 and 4.42 respectively hence it incurred a lot of loss in paying for loan interest.Investor’s RatiosDividend per Share (DPS)DPS = Earnings Distributed to Shareholders/Number of SharesThis is given in the consolidated income statement: for the years 2008, 2009 and 2010 DPS amounted to  ¥ 140,  ¥ 100, and  ¥ 45 respectively.An increase in dividend per share implies an increased value of shareholders' wealth in a company. For Toyota DPS decreased sharply for the years 2008, 2009, and 2010. This can be attributed to decreased unit sales as a result of vehicle recalls in the years 20009 and 2010.Market Price Per Share (MPS)MPS = value of common stock/ Number of shares issued

Finding papes is tough Essay Example For Students

Finding papes is tough Essay Ok so you all must know that to enter into oppapers yo must have a paper. which is the stupidest thin ever. I dont know how long I have tomake this so i will just keep going. makes sense right? SO hopefully by now I will be able to find a paper for this stupid class I am taking. Becky is going to bed now we will see her in awhile I guess. well hopefully I will get ome mail and find this paper I need or I might fail the class and that just would not be any good. So it was fun but I will talk to you later. Ok so just found out my paper has to be two-hundred and fifty words o more or else they wont take it. I cant wait until school is over with so I dont have to go through this any more. Then maybe by next year I will be alot smarter. I think I am almost t the limit just a little more writing and I will be there. By the way did I mention I was hungry cause I am. If im typing this garbage I cant eat. Lets hope that all of this work I have done pays of. And im not yet there yet so I like all types of music. I just want to get my home work done so then I can just go to bed. No though this site decided that you have to submit a paper before you can get one. I hope i amnot doing thi for nothing because then I would have jut wasted abot fifteen minutes of my time.Words/ Pages : 280 / 24

Malthusian theory of population free essay sample

Thomas Malthus Theory of Population that was proposed more than two centuries ago, foretold the problems of food shortage that the world is facing today, due to uncontrolled increase in population. Thomas Robert Malthus was a British economist and a demographer, whose famous Theory of Population highlighted the potential dangers of overpopulation. Malthus put forth his ideas in six editions of his famous treatise An Essay on the Principle of Population. His thinking took shape under the influence of the optimistic ideas of his father and his friends especially Rousseau, for future improvement of the society. In the first edition of his treatise, Malthus put forth his views that opposed the belief of scholars like Marquis de Condorcet and William Godwin who were optimistic about population growth in England. During the Industrial Revolution, England experienced a steep increase in its population. In his book The Enquirer, William Godwin promoted population growth as a means for human beings to attain equality. We will write a custom essay sample on Malthusian theory of population or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page According to him, an increased population would create more wealth that would provide food for the whole humanity. Scholars of such school of thought believed that, both man and society could be made perfect. In contrast to this viewpoint, Malthus interpreted overpopulation as an evil that would reduce the amount of food available per person. The Theory: In his famous treatise An Essay on the Principles of Population, Malthus stated that, the populations of the world would increase in geometric proportions while the food resources available for them would increase only in arithmetic proportions. In simple words, if human population was allowed to increase in an uncontrolled way, then the number of people would increase at a faster rate than the food supply. A point would come when human population would reach the limit up to which food sources could not support it. Any further increase would lead to population crash caused by natural phenomena like famine or disease. According to him, human society could never be perfected. He believed that man is a lazy animal, who would lead a satisfied life and procreate as long as his family was well fed. However, as soon as human population would feel constraints in food supply due to increase in population, he would again work hard to provide enough for his family. This might lead to an increase in agricultural production to provide for all, but at the same time man would be back to his complacent stage, where all his needs would be fulfilled. This would start the cycle of overpopulation and food shortage, all over again. Having been a clergy, Malthus validated his theory on moral grounds that suffering was a way of making human beings realize the virtues of hard work and moral behavior. Such kind of suffering due to overpopulation and limited food supply was inevitable. Assumptions: Malthus took into account two main assumptions: †¢Food is an essential component for human existence. †¢Humans have the basic urge to multiply. Explanation: Malthus theory was based on the assumption that the power of population to multiply is much greater than the power of the earth to provide subsistence for man. In his own words passion between the sexes is an inevitable phenomenon, hence, when unchecked, population would grow at such a high rate that it would outstrip food supply. According to him, disease, food shortage and death due to starvation, were natures way to control population. He proposed that human beings adopt measures like infanticide, abortion, delay in marriage and strict following of celibacy to check population growth. Relation between Population, Wages and Inflation: Malthus described the whole scenario as a vicious cycle of population growth and its effects. He proposed that the boom in population will result into excess of labor force ready to work at the available wage rate, giving them the income to buy food for their family. This will lead to an increase in the overall demand for food outstripping its supply. Hence, the prices will rise and inflation will set in. This inflationary pressure will worsen the situation of the already distressed poor section of the society leaving the riches unaffected. The poor will work more to improve their situation and will also consider reducing the population growth so that they have less mouths to feed. However, this will only last till the population equals the food supply and the inflation ceases; after which, overall standard of living will rise and so will the population explosion reaching the same point, hence called the vicious cycle. Proposed Solutions: In his first edition of the essay, Malthus proposed two main solutions to the problem of population explosion, namely: †¢Positive Check This method results in increase in death rate. He described this as Gods way of restoring the Natural Order. It includes famines, hunger, epidemics, war and other natural miseries which cause large-scale deaths. Although it helps in controlling the population growth, it brings with it widespread misery and pain. Hence, it is not regarded as an ideal solution to population problem. †¢Preventive or Negative Check This method refers to human effort in reducing the birth rate. It is more practically and logically applicable. Abortion, prostitution, postponement of marriage, birth control and celibacy are few measures that were advised to be strictly followed in order to help solve the problem. In his second edition of the same essay, Malthus laid more emphasis on: Moral Restraint: This is regarded as a universally applicable solution keeping up with the ideologies of virtue, economic gain and social improvement. According to this principle, one should refrain from marriage till the time he is capable of supporting a family with food, clothing and shelter. Until then he should follow strict celibacy. In the words of Geoffrey Gilbert, He (Malthus) went so far as to claim that moral restraint on a wide scale was the best means indeed, the only means of easing the poverty of the lower classes. Impact: Malthus theory had great influence on both Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace, who are the co-founders of the modern evolutionary theory. In his own words Darwin acknowledged, that he was already aware of the struggle for existence among different species of plants and animals. However, it was only after he read Malthus work, he realized that animals in their struggle to survive retained the favorable features that would help them adjust to the environment, and lost those that were of no use to them. Thus, the Theory of Natural Selection was born. By the end of the 19th Century, when living standards improved and birth rates dropped in the Western countries, concerns of overpopulation became irrelevant. However, in underdeveloped countries which have agrarian economies, Malthus theory often finds credibility. Criticism: Some critics like Karl Marx, argued that Malthus failed to recognize the potential of human population to increase food supply. He is accused by many to have failed to comprehend mans ability to use science and technology to increase food supply to meet the needs of an increasing population. Thinkers from the field of social sciences have criticized Malthus for his belief that the human society could never be made perfect. He opposed all political, social and economic reforms that did not aim at controlling birth rate. His own methods of checking population growth were criticized for being impractical. Malthus was opposed to the Poor Laws popular in England, which provided relief to the people who qualified as poor under the laws. According to him, such charity would provide only short-term relief to them and let the poor remain in their state of financial distress. This thought of Malthus was viewed as misanthropic. From his writings, some have interpreted Malthus as a rigid and pessimistic individual. However, he is also viewed by some as a pragmatic thinker, who put a check on the unbridled enthusiasm of some who viewed increase in population as a means of progress.